Statistics
| Branch: | Tag: | Revision:

root / lib / qlang.py @ 2ef21e6e

History | View | Annotate | Download (9.6 kB)

1 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
#
2 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
#
3 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
4 2cfbc784 Iustin Pop
# Copyright (C) 2010, 2011, 2012 Google Inc.
5 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
#
6 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
7 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
8 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
9 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
# (at your option) any later version.
10 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
#
11 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
12 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
13 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
14 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
# General Public License for more details.
15 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
#
16 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
17 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
18 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
19 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
# 02110-1301, USA.
20 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
21 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
22 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann
"""Module for a simple query language
23 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann

24 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann
A query filter is always a list. The first item in the list is the operator
25 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann
(e.g. C{[OP_AND, ...]}), while the other items depend on the operator. For
26 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann
logic operators (e.g. L{OP_AND}, L{OP_OR}), they are subfilters whose results
27 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann
are combined. Unary operators take exactly one other item (e.g. a subfilter for
28 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann
L{OP_NOT} and a field name for L{OP_TRUE}). Binary operators take exactly two
29 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann
operands, usually a field name and a value to compare against. Filters are
30 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann
converted to callable functions by L{query._CompileFilter}.
31 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann

32 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann
"""
33 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
34 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
import re
35 b459a848 Andrea Spadaccini
import string # pylint: disable=W0402
36 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
import logging
37 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
38 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
import pyparsing as pyp
39 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
40 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
from ganeti import errors
41 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
from ganeti import utils
42 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
from ganeti import compat
43 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
44 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
45 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann
# Logic operators with one or more operands, each of which is a filter on its
46 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann
# own
47 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
OP_OR = "|"
48 88076fd1 Michael Hanselmann
OP_AND = "&"
49 88076fd1 Michael Hanselmann
50 88076fd1 Michael Hanselmann
51 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann
# Unary operators with exactly one operand
52 88076fd1 Michael Hanselmann
OP_NOT = "!"
53 3b877f08 Michael Hanselmann
OP_TRUE = "?"
54 88076fd1 Michael Hanselmann
55 88076fd1 Michael Hanselmann
56 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann
# Binary operators with exactly two operands, the field name and an
57 341ff8e9 Michael Hanselmann
# operator-specific value
58 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
OP_EQUAL = "="
59 88076fd1 Michael Hanselmann
OP_NOT_EQUAL = "!="
60 ad48eacc Michael Hanselmann
OP_LT = "<"
61 ad48eacc Michael Hanselmann
OP_LE = "<="
62 ad48eacc Michael Hanselmann
OP_GT = ">"
63 ad48eacc Michael Hanselmann
OP_GE = ">="
64 88076fd1 Michael Hanselmann
OP_REGEXP = "=~"
65 88076fd1 Michael Hanselmann
OP_CONTAINS = "=[]"
66 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
67 a123dc19 Michael Hanselmann
68 0b0ca0c0 Michael Hanselmann
#: Characters used for detecting user-written filters (see L{_CheckFilter})
69 ad48eacc Michael Hanselmann
FILTER_DETECTION_CHARS = frozenset("()=/!~'\"\\<>" + string.whitespace)
70 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
71 0b0ca0c0 Michael Hanselmann
#: Characters used to detect globbing filters (see L{_CheckGlobbing})
72 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
GLOB_DETECTION_CHARS = frozenset("*?")
73 3f2f55bb Michael Hanselmann
74 3f2f55bb Michael Hanselmann
75 60cba7f8 Michael Hanselmann
def MakeSimpleFilter(namefield, values):
76 31554d0a Michael Hanselmann
  """Builds simple a filter.
77 60cba7f8 Michael Hanselmann

78 60cba7f8 Michael Hanselmann
  @param namefield: Name of field containing item name
79 60cba7f8 Michael Hanselmann
  @param values: List of names
80 60cba7f8 Michael Hanselmann

81 60cba7f8 Michael Hanselmann
  """
82 60cba7f8 Michael Hanselmann
  if values:
83 60cba7f8 Michael Hanselmann
    return [OP_OR] + [[OP_EQUAL, namefield, i] for i in values]
84 60cba7f8 Michael Hanselmann
85 60cba7f8 Michael Hanselmann
  return None
86 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
87 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
88 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
def _ConvertLogicOp(op):
89 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  """Creates parsing action function for logic operator.
90 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann

91 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  @type op: string
92 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  @param op: Operator for data structure, e.g. L{OP_AND}
93 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann

94 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  """
95 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  def fn(toks):
96 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    """Converts parser tokens to query operator structure.
97 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann

98 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    @rtype: list
99 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    @return: Query operator structure, e.g. C{[OP_AND, ["=", "foo", "bar"]]}
100 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann

101 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    """
102 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    operands = toks[0]
103 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
104 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    if len(operands) == 1:
105 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
      return operands[0]
106 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
107 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    # Build query operator structure
108 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    return [[op] + operands.asList()]
109 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
110 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  return fn
111 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
112 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
113 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
_KNOWN_REGEXP_DELIM = "/#^|"
114 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
_KNOWN_REGEXP_FLAGS = frozenset("si")
115 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
116 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
117 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
def _ConvertRegexpValue(_, loc, toks):
118 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  """Regular expression value for condition.
119 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann

120 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  """
121 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  (regexp, flags) = toks[0]
122 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
123 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  # Ensure only whitelisted flags are used
124 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  unknown_flags = (frozenset(flags) - _KNOWN_REGEXP_FLAGS)
125 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  if unknown_flags:
126 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    raise pyp.ParseFatalException("Unknown regular expression flags: '%s'" %
127 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
                                  "".join(unknown_flags), loc)
128 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
129 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  if flags:
130 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    re_flags = "(?%s)" % "".join(sorted(flags))
131 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  else:
132 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    re_flags = ""
133 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
134 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  re_cond = re_flags + regexp
135 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
136 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  # Test if valid
137 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  try:
138 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    re.compile(re_cond)
139 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  except re.error, err:
140 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    raise pyp.ParseFatalException("Invalid regular expression (%s)" % err, loc)
141 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
142 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  return [re_cond]
143 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
144 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
145 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
def BuildFilterParser():
146 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  """Builds a parser for query filter strings.
147 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann

148 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  @rtype: pyparsing.ParserElement
149 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann

150 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  """
151 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  field_name = pyp.Word(pyp.alphas, pyp.alphanums + "_/.")
152 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
153 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  # Integer
154 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  num_sign = pyp.Word("-+", exact=1)
155 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  number = pyp.Combine(pyp.Optional(num_sign) + pyp.Word(pyp.nums))
156 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  number.setParseAction(lambda toks: int(toks[0]))
157 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
158 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
  quoted_string = pyp.quotedString.copy().setParseAction(pyp.removeQuotes)
159 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
160 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  # Right-hand-side value
161 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
  rval = (number | quoted_string)
162 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
163 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  # Boolean condition
164 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  bool_cond = field_name.copy()
165 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  bool_cond.setParseAction(lambda (fname, ): [[OP_TRUE, fname]])
166 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
167 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  # Simple binary conditions
168 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  binopstbl = {
169 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    "==": OP_EQUAL,
170 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    "!=": OP_NOT_EQUAL,
171 ad48eacc Michael Hanselmann
    "<": OP_LT,
172 ad48eacc Michael Hanselmann
    "<=": OP_LE,
173 ad48eacc Michael Hanselmann
    ">": OP_GT,
174 ad48eacc Michael Hanselmann
    ">=": OP_GE,
175 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    }
176 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
177 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  binary_cond = (field_name + pyp.oneOf(binopstbl.keys()) + rval)
178 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  binary_cond.setParseAction(lambda (lhs, op, rhs): [[binopstbl[op], lhs, rhs]])
179 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
180 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  # "in" condition
181 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  in_cond = (rval + pyp.Suppress("in") + field_name)
182 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  in_cond.setParseAction(lambda (value, field): [[OP_CONTAINS, field, value]])
183 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
184 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  # "not in" condition
185 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  not_in_cond = (rval + pyp.Suppress("not") + pyp.Suppress("in") + field_name)
186 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  not_in_cond.setParseAction(lambda (value, field): [[OP_NOT, [OP_CONTAINS,
187 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
                                                               field, value]]])
188 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
189 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  # Regular expression, e.g. m/foobar/i
190 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  regexp_val = pyp.Group(pyp.Optional("m").suppress() +
191 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
                         pyp.MatchFirst([pyp.QuotedString(i, escChar="\\")
192 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
                                         for i in _KNOWN_REGEXP_DELIM]) +
193 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
                         pyp.Optional(pyp.Word(pyp.alphas), default=""))
194 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  regexp_val.setParseAction(_ConvertRegexpValue)
195 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  regexp_cond = (field_name + pyp.Suppress("=~") + regexp_val)
196 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  regexp_cond.setParseAction(lambda (field, value): [[OP_REGEXP, field, value]])
197 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
198 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  not_regexp_cond = (field_name + pyp.Suppress("!~") + regexp_val)
199 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  not_regexp_cond.setParseAction(lambda (field, value):
200 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
                                 [[OP_NOT, [OP_REGEXP, field, value]]])
201 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
202 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
  # Globbing, e.g. name =* "*.site"
203 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
  glob_cond = (field_name + pyp.Suppress("=*") + quoted_string)
204 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
  glob_cond.setParseAction(lambda (field, value):
205 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
                           [[OP_REGEXP, field,
206 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
                             utils.DnsNameGlobPattern(value)]])
207 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
208 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
  not_glob_cond = (field_name + pyp.Suppress("!*") + quoted_string)
209 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
  not_glob_cond.setParseAction(lambda (field, value):
210 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
                               [[OP_NOT, [OP_REGEXP, field,
211 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
                                          utils.DnsNameGlobPattern(value)]]])
212 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
213 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  # All possible conditions
214 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  condition = (binary_cond ^ bool_cond ^
215 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
               in_cond ^ not_in_cond ^
216 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
               regexp_cond ^ not_regexp_cond ^
217 16629d10 Michael Hanselmann
               glob_cond ^ not_glob_cond)
218 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
219 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  # Associativity operators
220 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  filter_expr = pyp.operatorPrecedence(condition, [
221 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    (pyp.Keyword("not").suppress(), 1, pyp.opAssoc.RIGHT,
222 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
     lambda toks: [[OP_NOT, toks[0][0]]]),
223 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    (pyp.Keyword("and").suppress(), 2, pyp.opAssoc.LEFT,
224 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
     _ConvertLogicOp(OP_AND)),
225 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    (pyp.Keyword("or").suppress(), 2, pyp.opAssoc.LEFT,
226 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
     _ConvertLogicOp(OP_OR)),
227 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    ])
228 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
229 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  parser = pyp.StringStart() + filter_expr + pyp.StringEnd()
230 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  parser.parseWithTabs()
231 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
232 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  # Originally C{parser.validate} was called here, but there seems to be some
233 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  # issue causing it to fail whenever the "not" operator is included above.
234 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
235 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  return parser
236 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
237 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
238 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
def ParseFilter(text, parser=None):
239 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  """Parses a query filter.
240 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann

241 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  @type text: string
242 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  @param text: Query filter
243 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  @type parser: pyparsing.ParserElement
244 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  @param parser: Pyparsing object
245 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  @rtype: list
246 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann

247 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  """
248 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  logging.debug("Parsing as query filter: %s", text)
249 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
250 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  if parser is None:
251 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    parser = BuildFilterParser()
252 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
253 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  try:
254 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    return parser.parseString(text)[0]
255 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
  except pyp.ParseBaseException, err:
256 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
    raise errors.QueryFilterParseError("Failed to parse query filter"
257 7578ab0a Michael Hanselmann
                                       " '%s': %s" % (text, err), err)
258 3f2f55bb Michael Hanselmann
259 3f2f55bb Michael Hanselmann
260 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
def _CheckFilter(text):
261 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  """CHecks if a string could be a filter.
262 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann

263 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  @rtype: bool
264 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann

265 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  """
266 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  return bool(frozenset(text) & FILTER_DETECTION_CHARS)
267 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
268 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
269 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
def _CheckGlobbing(text):
270 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  """Checks if a string could be a globbing pattern.
271 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann

272 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  @rtype: bool
273 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann

274 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  """
275 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  return bool(frozenset(text) & GLOB_DETECTION_CHARS)
276 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
277 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
278 6f287cf3 Iustin Pop
def _MakeFilterPart(namefield, text, isnumeric=False):
279 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  """Generates filter for one argument.
280 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann

281 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  """
282 6f287cf3 Iustin Pop
  if isnumeric:
283 6f287cf3 Iustin Pop
    try:
284 6f287cf3 Iustin Pop
      number = int(text)
285 6f287cf3 Iustin Pop
    except (TypeError, ValueError), err:
286 76b62028 Iustin Pop
      raise errors.OpPrereqError("Invalid job ID passed: %s" % str(err),
287 6f287cf3 Iustin Pop
                                 errors.ECODE_INVAL)
288 6f287cf3 Iustin Pop
    return [OP_EQUAL, namefield, number]
289 6f287cf3 Iustin Pop
  elif _CheckGlobbing(text):
290 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
    return [OP_REGEXP, namefield, utils.DnsNameGlobPattern(text)]
291 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  else:
292 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
    return [OP_EQUAL, namefield, text]
293 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
294 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
295 6f287cf3 Iustin Pop
def MakeFilter(args, force_filter, namefield=None, isnumeric=False):
296 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  """Try to make a filter from arguments to a command.
297 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann

298 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  If the name could be a filter it is parsed as such. If it's just a globbing
299 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  pattern, e.g. "*.site", such a filter is constructed. As a last resort the
300 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  names are treated just as a plain name filter.
301 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann

302 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  @type args: list of string
303 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  @param args: Arguments to command
304 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  @type force_filter: bool
305 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  @param force_filter: Whether to force treatment as a full-fledged filter
306 03ec545a Michael Hanselmann
  @type namefield: string
307 03ec545a Michael Hanselmann
  @param namefield: Name of field to use for simple filters (use L{None} for
308 03ec545a Michael Hanselmann
    a default of "name")
309 6f287cf3 Iustin Pop
  @type isnumeric: bool
310 6f287cf3 Iustin Pop
  @param isnumeric: Whether the namefield type is numeric, as opposed to
311 6f287cf3 Iustin Pop
    the default string type; this influences how the filter is built
312 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  @rtype: list
313 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  @return: Query filter
314 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann

315 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  """
316 03ec545a Michael Hanselmann
  if namefield is None:
317 03ec545a Michael Hanselmann
    namefield = "name"
318 03ec545a Michael Hanselmann
319 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  if (force_filter or
320 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
      (args and len(args) == 1 and _CheckFilter(args[0]))):
321 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
    try:
322 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
      (filter_text, ) = args
323 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
    except (TypeError, ValueError):
324 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
      raise errors.OpPrereqError("Exactly one argument must be given as a"
325 2cfbc784 Iustin Pop
                                 " filter", errors.ECODE_INVAL)
326 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
327 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
    result = ParseFilter(filter_text)
328 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  elif args:
329 6f287cf3 Iustin Pop
    result = [OP_OR] + map(compat.partial(_MakeFilterPart, namefield,
330 6f287cf3 Iustin Pop
                                          isnumeric=isnumeric), args)
331 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  else:
332 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
    result = None
333 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
334 f8638e28 Michael Hanselmann
  return result