ncclient:NETCONF Python client

# Copyright 2009 Shikhar Bhushan

#

# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");

# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.

# You may obtain a copy of the License at

#

#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

#

# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software

# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,

# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.

# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and

# limitations under the License.

import os

import socket

from binascii import hexlify

from cStringIO import StringIO

from select import select

import paramiko

from errors import AuthenticationError, SessionCloseError, SSHError, SSHUnknownHostError

from session import Session

import logging

logger = logging.getLogger('ncclient.transport.ssh')

BUF_SIZE = 4096

MSG_DELIM = ']]>]]>'

TICK = 0.1

def default_unknown_host_cb(host, key):

    """An `unknown host callback` returns :const:`True` if it finds the key

    acceptable, and :const:`False` if not.

    This default callback always returns :const:`False`, which would lead to

    :meth:`connect` raising a :exc:`SSHUnknownHost` exception.

    Supply another valid callback if you need to verify the host key

    programatically.

    :arg host: the host for whom key needs to be verified

    :type host: string

    :arg key: a hex string representing the host key fingerprint

    :type key: string

    """

    return False

class SSHSession(Session):

    "Implements a :rfc:`4742` NETCONF session over SSH."

    def __init__(self, capabilities):

        Session.__init__(self, capabilities)

        self._host_keys = paramiko.HostKeys()

        self._transport = None

        self._connected = False

        self._channel = None

        self._buffer = StringIO() # for incoming data

        # parsing-related, see _parse()

        self._parsing_state = 0

        self._parsing_pos = 0

    def _parse(self):

        '''Messages ae delimited by MSG_DELIM. The buffer could have grown by a

        maximum of BUF_SIZE bytes everytime this method is called. Retains state

        across method calls and if a byte has been read it will not be

        considered again. '''

        delim = MSG_DELIM

        n = len(delim) - 1

        expect = self._parsing_state

        buf = self._buffer

        buf.seek(self._parsing_pos)

        while True:

            x = buf.read(1)

            if not x: # done reading

                break

            elif x == delim[expect]: # what we expected

                expect += 1 # expect the next delim char

            else:

                continue

            # loop till last delim char expected, break if other char encountered

            for i in range(expect, n):

                x = buf.read(1)

                if not x: # done reading

                    break

                if x == delim[expect]: # what we expected

                    expect += 1 # expect the next delim char

                else:

                    expect = 0 # reset

                    break

            else: # if we didn't break out of the loop, full delim was parsed

                msg_till = buf.tell() - n

                buf.seek(0)

                logger.debug('parsed new message')

                self._dispatch_message(buf.read(msg_till).strip())

                buf.seek(n+1, os.SEEK_CUR)

                rest = buf.read()

                buf = StringIO()

                buf.write(rest)

                buf.seek(0)

                expect = 0

        self._buffer = buf

        self._parsing_state = expect

        self._parsing_pos = self._buffer.tell()

    def load_known_hosts(self, filename=None):

        """Load host keys from a :file:`known_hosts`-style file. Can be called multiple

        times.

        If *filename* is not specified, looks in the default locations i.e.

        :file:`~/.ssh/known_hosts` and :file:`~/ssh/known_hosts` for Windows.

        """

        if filename is None:

            filename = os.path.expanduser('~/.ssh/known_hosts')

            try:

                self._host_keys.load(filename)

            except IOError:

                # for windows

                filename = os.path.expanduser('~/ssh/known_hosts')

                try:

                    self._host_keys.load(filename)

                except IOError:

                    pass

        else:

            self._host_keys.load(filename)

    def close(self):

        if self._transport.is_active():

            self._transport.close()

        self._connected = False

    def connect(self, host, port=830, timeout=None,

                unknown_host_cb=default_unknown_host_cb,

                username=None, password=None,

                key_filename=None, allow_agent=True, look_for_keys=True):

        """Connect via SSH and initialize the NETCONF session. First attempts

        the publickey authentication method and then password authentication.

        To disable attemting publickey authentication altogether, call with

        *allow_agent* and *look_for_keys* as :const:`False`. This may be needed

        for Cisco devices which immediately disconnect on an incorrect

        authentication attempt.

        :arg host: the hostname or IP address to connect to

        :type host: `string`

        :arg port: by default 830, but some devices use the default SSH port of 22 so this may need to be specified

        :type port: `int`

        :arg timeout: an optional timeout for the TCP handshake

        :type timeout: `int`

        :arg unknown_host_cb: called when a host key is not recognized

        :type unknown_host_cb: see :meth:`signature <ssh.default_unknown_host_cb>`

        :arg username: the username to use for SSH authentication

        :type username: `string`

        :arg password: the password used if using password authentication, or the passphrase to use for unlocking keys that require it

        :type password: `string`

        :arg key_filename: a filename where a the private key to be used can be found

        :type key_filename: `string`

        :arg allow_agent: enables querying SSH agent (if found) for keys

        :type allow_agent: `bool`

        :arg look_for_keys: enables looking in the usual locations for ssh keys (e.g. :file:`~/.ssh/id_*`)

        :type look_for_keys: `bool`

        """

        if username is None:

            raise SSHError("No username specified")

        sock = None

        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM):

            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res

            try:

                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)

                sock.settimeout(timeout)

            except socket.error:

                continue

            try:

                sock.connect(sa)

            except socket.error:

                sock.close()

                continue

            break

        else:

            raise SSHError("Could not open socket")

        t = self._transport = paramiko.Transport(sock)

        t.set_log_channel(logger.name)

        try:

            t.start_client()

        except paramiko.SSHException:

            raise SSHError('Negotiation failed')

        # host key verification

        server_key = t.get_remote_server_key()

        known_host = self._host_keys.check(host, server_key)

        fingerprint = hexlify(server_key.get_fingerprint())

        if not known_host and not unknown_host_cb(host, fingerprint):

            raise SSHUnknownHostError(host, fingerprint)

        if key_filename is None:

            key_filenames = []

        elif isinstance(key_filename, basestring):

            key_filenames = [ key_filename ]

        else:

            key_filenames = key_filename

        self._auth(username, password, key_filenames, allow_agent, look_for_keys)

        self._connected = True # there was no error authenticating

        c = self._channel = self._transport.open_session()

        c.set_name('netconf')

        c.invoke_subsystem('netconf')

        self._post_connect()

    # on the lines of paramiko.SSHClient._auth()

    def _auth(self, username, password, key_filenames, allow_agent,

              look_for_keys):

        saved_exception = None

        for key_filename in key_filenames:

            for cls in (paramiko.RSAKey, paramiko.DSSKey):

                try:

                    key = cls.from_private_key_file(key_filename, password)

                    logger.debug('Trying key %s from %s' %

                              (hexlify(key.get_fingerprint()), key_filename))

                    self._transport.auth_publickey(username, key)

                    return

                except Exception as e:

                    saved_exception = e

                    logger.debug(e)

        if allow_agent:

            for key in paramiko.Agent().get_keys():

                try:

                    logger.debug('Trying SSH agent key %s' %

                                 hexlify(key.get_fingerprint()))

                    self._transport.auth_publickey(username, key)

                    return

                except Exception as e:

                    saved_exception = e

                    logger.debug(e)

        keyfiles = []

        if look_for_keys:

            rsa_key = os.path.expanduser('~/.ssh/id_rsa')

            dsa_key = os.path.expanduser('~/.ssh/id_dsa')

            if os.path.isfile(rsa_key):

                keyfiles.append((paramiko.RSAKey, rsa_key))

            if os.path.isfile(dsa_key):

                keyfiles.append((paramiko.DSSKey, dsa_key))

            # look in ~/ssh/ for windows users:

            rsa_key = os.path.expanduser('~/ssh/id_rsa')

            dsa_key = os.path.expanduser('~/ssh/id_dsa')

            if os.path.isfile(rsa_key):

                keyfiles.append((paramiko.RSAKey, rsa_key))

            if os.path.isfile(dsa_key):

                keyfiles.append((paramiko.DSSKey, dsa_key))

        for cls, filename in keyfiles:

            try:

                key = cls.from_private_key_file(filename, password)

                logger.debug('Trying discovered key %s in %s' %

                          (hexlify(key.get_fingerprint()), filename))

                self._transport.auth_publickey(username, key)

                return

            except Exception as e:

                saved_exception = e

                logger.debug(e)

        if password is not None:

            try:

                self._transport.auth_password(username, password)

                return

            except Exception as e:

                saved_exception = e

                logger.debug(e)

        if saved_exception is not None:

            # need pep-3134 to do this right

            raise AuthenticationError(repr(saved_exception))

        raise AuthenticationError('No authentication methods available')

    def run(self):

        chan = self._channel

        chan.setblocking(0)

        q = self._q

        try:

            while True:

                # select on a paramiko ssh channel object does not ever return

                # it in the writable list, so it channel's don't exactly emulate

                # the socket api

                r, w, e = select([chan], [], [], TICK)

                # will wakeup evey TICK seconds to check if something

                # to send, more if something to read (due to select returning

                # chan in readable list)

                if r:

                    data = chan.recv(BUF_SIZE)

                    if data:

                        self._buffer.write(data)

                        self._parse()

                    else:

                        raise SessionCloseError(self._buffer.getvalue())

                if not q.empty() and chan.send_ready():

                    logger.debug('sending message')

                    data = q.get() + MSG_DELIM

                    while data:

                        n = chan.send(data)

                        if n <= 0:

                            raise SessionCloseError(self._buffer.getvalue(), data)

                        data = data[n:]

        except Exception as e:

            logger.debug('broke out of main loop, error=%r', e)

            self.close()

            self._dispatch_error(e)

    @property

    def transport(self):

        """Underlying `paramiko.Transport

        <http://www.lag.net/paramiko/docs/paramiko.Transport-class.html>`_

        object. This makes it possible to call methods like set_keepalive on it.

        """

        return self._transport

    @property

    def can_pipeline(self):

        if 'Cisco' in self._transport.remote_version:

            return False

        # elif ..

        return True