# Copyright (C) 2009 by Michael Fogleman
# 
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
# 
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
# 
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
# THE SOFTWARE.

'''
Short URL Generator
===================

Python implementation for generating Tiny URL- and bit.ly-like URLs.

A bit-shuffling approach is used to avoid generating consecutive, predictable 
URLs.  However, the algorithm is deterministic and will guarantee that no 
collisions will occur.

The URL alphabet is fully customizable and may contain any number of 
characters.  By default, digits and lower-case letters are used, with 
some removed to avoid confusion between characters like o, O and 0.  The 
default alphabet is shuffled and has a prime number of characters to further 
improve the results of the algorithm.

The block size specifies how many bits will be shuffled.  The lower BLOCK_SIZE 
bits are reversed.  Any bits higher than BLOCK_SIZE will remain as is.
BLOCK_SIZE of 0 will leave all bits unaffected and the algorithm will simply 
be converting your integer to a different base.

The intended use is that incrementing, consecutive integers will be used as 
keys to generate the short URLs.  For example, when creating a new URL, the 
unique integer ID assigned by a database could be used to generate the URL 
by using this module.  Or a simple counter may be used.  As long as the same 
integer is not used twice, the same short URL will not be generated twice.

The module supports both encoding and decoding of URLs. The min_length 
parameter allows you to pad the URL if you want it to be a specific length.

Sample Usage:

>>> import short_url
>>> url = short_url.encode_url(12)
>>> print url
LhKA
>>> key = short_url.decode_url(url)
>>> print key
12

Use the functions in the top-level of the module to use the default encoder. 
Otherwise, you may create your own UrlEncoder object and use its encode_url 
and decode_url methods.

Author: Michael Fogleman
License: MIT
Link: http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576918/
'''

DEFAULT_ALPHABET = 'mn6j2c4rv8bpygw95z7hsdaetxuk3fq'
DEFAULT_BLOCK_SIZE = 24
MIN_LENGTH = 5

class UrlEncoder(object):
    def __init__(self, alphabet=DEFAULT_ALPHABET, block_size=DEFAULT_BLOCK_SIZE):
        self.alphabet = alphabet
        self.block_size = block_size
        self.mask = (1 << block_size) - 1
        self.mapping = range(block_size)
        self.mapping.reverse()
    def encode_url(self, n, min_length=MIN_LENGTH):
        return self.enbase(self.encode(n), min_length)
    def decode_url(self, n):
        return self.decode(self.debase(n))
    def encode(self, n):
        return (n & ~self.mask) | self._encode(n & self.mask)
    def _encode(self, n):
        result = 0
        for i, b in enumerate(self.mapping):
            if n & (1 << i):
                result |= (1 << b)
        return result
    def decode(self, n):
        return (n & ~self.mask) | self._decode(n & self.mask)
    def _decode(self, n):
        result = 0
        for i, b in enumerate(self.mapping):
            if n & (1 << b):
                result |= (1 << i)
        return result
    def enbase(self, x, min_length=MIN_LENGTH):
        result = self._enbase(x)
        padding = self.alphabet[0] * (min_length - len(result))
        return '%s%s' % (padding, result)
    def _enbase(self, x):
        n = len(self.alphabet)
        if x < n:
            return self.alphabet[x]
        return self._enbase(x / n) + self.alphabet[x % n]
    def debase(self, x):
        n = len(self.alphabet)
        result = 0
        for i, c in enumerate(reversed(x)):
            result += self.alphabet.index(c) * (n ** i)
        return result

DEFAULT_ENCODER = UrlEncoder()

def encode(n):
    return DEFAULT_ENCODER.encode(n)

def decode(n):
    return DEFAULT_ENCODER.decode(n)

def enbase(n, min_length=MIN_LENGTH):
    return DEFAULT_ENCODER.enbase(n, min_length)

def debase(n):
    return DEFAULT_ENCODER.debase(n)

def encode_url(n, min_length=MIN_LENGTH):
    return DEFAULT_ENCODER.encode_url(n, min_length)

def decode_url(n):
    return DEFAULT_ENCODER.decode_url(n)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    for a in range(0, 200000, 37):
        b = encode(a)
        c = enbase(b)
        d = debase(c)
        e = decode(d)
        assert a == e
        assert b == d
        c = (' ' * (7 - len(c))) + c
        print '%6d %12d %s %12d %6d' % (a, b, c, d, e)