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Cluster tools (h-aneti?) |
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======================== |
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|
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These are some simple cluster tools for fixing common problems. Right now N+1 |
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and rebalancing are included. |
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|
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.. contents:: |
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|
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Cluster N+1 solver |
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------------------ |
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This program runs a very simple brute force algorithm over the instance |
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placement space in order to determine the shortest number of replace-disks |
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needed to fix the cluster. Note this means we won't get a balanced cluster, |
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just one that passes N+1 checks. |
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|
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Also note that the set of all instance placements on a 20/80 cluster is |
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(20*19)^80, that is ~10^200, so... |
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Algorithm |
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+++++++++ |
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|
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The algorithm is a simple two-phase process. |
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In phase 1 we determine the removal set, that is the set of instances that when |
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removed completely from the cluster, make it healthy again. The instances that |
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can go into the set are all the primary and secondary instances of the failing |
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nodes. The result from this phase is actually a list - we compute all sets of |
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the same minimum length. |
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|
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So basically we aim to determine here: what is the minimum number of instances |
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that need to be removed (this is called the removal depth) and which are the |
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actual combinations that fit (called the list of removal sets). |
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|
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In phase 2, for each removal set computed in the previous phase, we take the |
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removed instances and try to determine where we can put them so that the |
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cluster is still passing N+1 checks. From this list of possible solutions |
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(called the list of solutions), we compute the one that has the smallest delta |
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from the original state (the delta is the number of replace disks that needs to |
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be run) and chose this as the final solution. |
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|
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Implementation |
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++++++++++++++ |
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|
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Of course, a naive implementation based on the above description will run for |
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long periods of time, so the implementation has to be smart in order to prune |
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the solution space as eagerly as possible. |
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In the following, we use as example a set of test data (a cluster with 20 |
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nodes, 80 instances that has 5 nodes failing N+1 checks for a total of 12 |
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warnings). |
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|
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On this set, the minimum depth is 4 (anything below fails), and for this depth |
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the current version of the algorithm generates 5 removal sets; a previous |
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version of the first phase generated a slightly different set of instances, with |
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two removal sets. For the original version of the algorithm: |
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|
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- the first, non-optimized implementation computed a solution of delta=4 in 30 |
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minutes on server-class CPUs and was still running when aborted 10 minutes |
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later |
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- the intermediate optimized version computed the whole solution space and |
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found a delta=3 solution in around 10 seconds on a laptop-class CPU (total |
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number of solutions ~600k) |
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- latest version on server CPUs (which actually computes more removal sets) |
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computes depth=4 in less than a second and depth=5 in around 2 seconds, and |
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depth=6 in less than 20 seconds; depth=8 takes under five minutes (this is |
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10^10 bigger solution space) |
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Note that when (artificially) increasing the depth to 5 the number of removal |
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sets grows fast (~3000) and a (again artificial) depth 6 generates 61k removal |
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sets. Therefore, it is possible to restrict the number of solution sets |
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examined via a command-line option. |
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The factors that influence the run time are: |
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- the removal depth; for each increase with one of the depth, we grow the |
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solution space by the number of nodes squared (since a new instance can live |
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any two nodes as primary/secondary, therefore (almost) N times N); i.e., |
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depth=1 will create a N^2 solution space, depth two will make this N^4, |
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depth three will be N^6, etc. |
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- the removal depth again; for each increase in the depth, there will be more |
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valid removal sets, and the space of solutions increases linearly with the |
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number of removal sets |
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Therefore, the smaller the depth the faster the algorithm will be; it doesn't |
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seem like this algorithm will work for clusters of 100 nodes and many many |
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small instances (e.g. 256MB instances on 16GB nodes). |
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Currently applied optimizations: |
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- when choosing where to place an instance in phase two, there are N*(N-1) |
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possible primary/secondary options; however, if instead of iterating over all |
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p * s pairs, we first determine the set of primary nodes that can hold this |
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instance (without failing N+1), we can cut (N-1) secondary placements for |
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each primary node removed; and since this applies at every iteration of phase |
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2 it linearly decreases the solution space, and on full clusters, this can |
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mean a four-five times reductions of solution space |
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- since the number of solutions is very high even for smaller depths (on the |
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test data, depth=4 results in 1.8M solutions) we can't compare them at the |
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end, so at each iteration in phase 2 we only promote the best solution out of |
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our own set of solutions |
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- since the placement of instances can only increase the delta of the solution |
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(placing a new instance will add zero or more replace-disks steps), it means |
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the delta will only increase while recursing during phase 2; therefore, if we |
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know at one point that we have a current delta that is equal or higher to the |
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delta of the best solution so far, we can abort the recursion; this cuts a |
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tremendous number of branches; further promotion of the best solution from |
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one removal set to another can cut entire removal sets after a few recursions |
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Command line usage |
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++++++++++++++++++ |
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|
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Synopsis:: |
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hn1 [-n NODES_FILE] [-i INSTANCES_FILE] [-d START_DEPTH] \ |
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[-r MAX_REMOVALS] [-l MIN_DELTA] [-L MAX_DELTA] \ |
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[-p] [-C] |
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The -n and -i options change the names of the input files. The -d option |
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changes the start depth, as a higher depth can give (with a longer computation |
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time) a solution with better delta. The -r option restricts at each depth the |
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number of solutions considered - with r=1000 for example even depth=10 finishes |
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in less than a second. |
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The -p option will show the cluster state after the solution is implemented, |
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while the -C option will show the needed gnt-instance commands to implement |
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it. |
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The -l (--min-delta) and -L (--max-delta) options restrict the solution in the |
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following ways: |
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- min-delta will cause the search to abort early once we find a solution with |
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delta less than or equal to this parameter; this can cause extremely fast |
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results in case a desired solution is found quickly; the default value for |
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this parameter is zero, so once we find a "perfect" solution we finish early |
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- max-delta causes rejection of valid solution but which have delta higher |
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than the value of this parameter; this can reduce the depth of the search |
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tree, with sometimes significant speedups; by default, this optimization is |
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not used |
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Individually or combined, these two parameters can (if there are any) very |
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fast result; on our test data, depth=34 (max depth!) is solved in 2 seconds |
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with min-delta=0/max-delta=1 (since there is such a solution), and the |
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extremely low max-delta causes extreme pruning. |
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Cluster rebalancer |
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------------------ |
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Compared to the N+1 solver, the rebalancer uses a very simple algorithm: |
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repeatedly try to move each instance one step, so that the cluster score |
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becomes better. We stop when no further move can improve the score. |
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The algorithm is divided into rounds (all identical): |
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#. Repeat for each instance: |
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#. Compute score after the potential failover of the instance |
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#. For each node that is different from the current primary/secondary |
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#. Compute score after replacing the primary with this new node |
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#. Compute score after replacing the secondary with this new node |
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#. Out of this N*2+1 possible new scores (and their associated move) for |
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this instance, we choose the one that is the best in terms of cluster |
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score, and then proceed to the next instance |
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Since we don't compute all combinations of moves for instances (e.g. the first |
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instance's all moves Cartesian product with second instance's all moves, etc.) |
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but we proceed serially instance A, then B, then C, the total computations we |
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make in one steps is simply N(number of nodes)*2+1 times I(number of instances), |
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instead of (N*2+1)^I. So therefore the runtime for a round is trivial. |
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Further rounds are done, since the relocation of instances might offer better |
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places for instances which we didn't move, or simply didn't move to the best |
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place. It is possible to limit the rounds, but usually the algorithm finishes |
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after a few rounds by itself. |
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Note that the cluster *must* be N+1 compliant before this algorithm is run, and |
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will stay at each move N+1 compliant. Therefore, the final cluster will be N+1 |
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compliant. |
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Single-round solutions |
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++++++++++++++++++++++ |
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Single-round solutions have the very nice property that they are |
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incrementally-valid. In other words, if you have a 10-step solution, at each |
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step the cluster is both N+1 compliant and better than the previous step. |
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This means that you can stop at any point and you will have a better cluster. |
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For this reason, single-round solutions are recommended in the common case of |
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let's make this better. Multi-round solutions will be better though when adding |
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a couple of new, empty nodes to the cluster due to the many relocations needed. |
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Multi-round solutions |
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+++++++++++++++++++++ |
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A multi-round solution (not for a single round), due to de-duplication of moves |
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(i.e. just put the instance directly in its final place, and not move it five |
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times around) loses both these properties. It might be that it's not possible to |
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directly put the instance on the final nodes. So it can be possible that yes, |
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the cluster is happy in the final solution and nice, but you cannot do the steps |
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in the shown order. Solving this (via additional instance move(s)) is left to |
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the user. |
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|
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Command line usage |
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++++++++++++++++++ |
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|
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Synopsis:: |
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|
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hbal [-n NODES_FILE] [-i INSTANCES_FILE] \ |
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[-r MAX_ROUNDS] \ |
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[-p] [-C] |
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The -n and -i options change the names of the input files. The -r option |
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restricts the maximum number of rounds (and is more of safety measure). |
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The -p option will show the cluster state after the solution is implemented, |
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while the -C option will show the needed gnt-instance commands to implement |
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it. |
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Integration with Ganeti |
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----------------------- |
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The programs needs only the output of the node list and instance list. That is, |
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they need the following two commands to be run:: |
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gnt-node list -oname,mtotal,mfree,dtotal,dfree,pinst_list,sinst_list \ |
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--separator '|' --no-headers > nodes |
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gnt-instance list -oname,admin_ram,sda_size \ |
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--separator '|' --no-head > instances |
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These two files should be saved under the names of 'nodes' and 'instances'. |
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When run, the programs will show some informational messages and output the |
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chosen solution, in the form of a list of instance name and chosen |
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primary/secondary nodes. The user then needs to run the necessary commands to |
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get the instances to live on those nodes. |
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Note that sda_size is less than the total disk size of an instance by 4352 |
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MiB, so if disk space is at a premium the calculation could be wrong; in this |
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case, please adjust the values manually. |