Archipelago » qemu

/*

 * Block driver for RAW files (posix)

 *

 * Copyright (c) 2006 Fabrice Bellard

 *

 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy

 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights

 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell

 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is

 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

 *

 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in

 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

 *

 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR

 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,

 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL

 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER

 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,

 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN

 * THE SOFTWARE.

 */

#include "qemu-common.h"

#include "qemu-timer.h"

#include "qemu-char.h"

#include "block_int.h"

#include "module.h"

#ifdef CONFIG_AIO

#include "posix-aio-compat.h"

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_COCOA

#include <paths.h>

#include <sys/param.h>

#include <IOKit/IOKitLib.h>

#include <IOKit/IOBSD.h>

#include <IOKit/storage/IOMediaBSDClient.h>

#include <IOKit/storage/IOMedia.h>

#include <IOKit/storage/IOCDMedia.h>

//#include <IOKit/storage/IOCDTypes.h>

#include <CoreFoundation/CoreFoundation.h>

#endif

#ifdef __sun__

#define _POSIX_PTHREAD_SEMANTICS 1

#include <signal.h>

#include <sys/dkio.h>

#endif

#ifdef __linux__

#include <sys/ioctl.h>

#include <linux/cdrom.h>

#include <linux/fd.h>

#endif

#ifdef __FreeBSD__

#include <signal.h>

#include <sys/disk.h>

#include <sys/cdio.h>

#endif

#ifdef __OpenBSD__

#include <sys/ioctl.h>

#include <sys/disklabel.h>

#include <sys/dkio.h>

#endif

#ifdef __DragonFly__

#include <sys/ioctl.h>

#include <sys/diskslice.h>

#endif

//#define DEBUG_FLOPPY

//#define DEBUG_BLOCK

#if defined(DEBUG_BLOCK)

#define DEBUG_BLOCK_PRINT(formatCstr, ...) do { if (qemu_log_enabled()) \

    { qemu_log(formatCstr, ## __VA_ARGS__); qemu_log_flush(); } } while (0)

#else

#define DEBUG_BLOCK_PRINT(formatCstr, ...)

#endif

/* OS X does not have O_DSYNC */

#ifndef O_DSYNC

#define O_DSYNC O_SYNC

#endif

/* Approximate O_DIRECT with O_DSYNC if O_DIRECT isn't available */

#ifndef O_DIRECT

#define O_DIRECT O_DSYNC

#endif

#define FTYPE_FILE   0

#define FTYPE_CD     1

#define FTYPE_FD     2

#define ALIGNED_BUFFER_SIZE (32 * 512)

/* if the FD is not accessed during that time (in ms), we try to

   reopen it to see if the disk has been changed */

#define FD_OPEN_TIMEOUT 1000

typedef struct BDRVRawState {

    int fd;

    int type;

    unsigned int lseek_err_cnt;

#if defined(__linux__)

    /* linux floppy specific */

    int fd_open_flags;

    int64_t fd_open_time;

    int64_t fd_error_time;

    int fd_got_error;

    int fd_media_changed;

#endif

#if defined(__FreeBSD__)

    int cd_open_flags;

#endif

    uint8_t* aligned_buf;

} BDRVRawState;

static int posix_aio_init(void);

static int fd_open(BlockDriverState *bs);

#if defined(__FreeBSD__)

static int cd_open(BlockDriverState *bs);

#endif

static int raw_is_inserted(BlockDriverState *bs);

static int raw_open(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *filename, int flags)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    int fd, open_flags, ret;

    posix_aio_init();

    s->lseek_err_cnt = 0;

    open_flags = O_BINARY;

    if ((flags & BDRV_O_ACCESS) == O_RDWR) {

        open_flags |= O_RDWR;

    } else {

        open_flags |= O_RDONLY;

        bs->read_only = 1;

    }

    if (flags & BDRV_O_CREAT)

        open_flags |= O_CREAT | O_TRUNC;

    /* Use O_DSYNC for write-through caching, no flags for write-back caching,

     * and O_DIRECT for no caching. */

    if ((flags & BDRV_O_NOCACHE))

        open_flags |= O_DIRECT;

    else if (!(flags & BDRV_O_CACHE_WB))

        open_flags |= O_DSYNC;

    s->type = FTYPE_FILE;

    fd = open(filename, open_flags, 0644);

    if (fd < 0) {

        ret = -errno;

        if (ret == -EROFS)

            ret = -EACCES;

        return ret;

    }

    s->fd = fd;

    s->aligned_buf = NULL;

    if ((flags & BDRV_O_NOCACHE)) {

        s->aligned_buf = qemu_blockalign(bs, ALIGNED_BUFFER_SIZE);

        if (s->aligned_buf == NULL) {

            ret = -errno;

            close(fd);

            return ret;

        }

    }

    return 0;

}

/* XXX: use host sector size if necessary with:

#ifdef DIOCGSECTORSIZE

        {

            unsigned int sectorsize = 512;

            if (!ioctl(fd, DIOCGSECTORSIZE, &sectorsize) &&

                sectorsize > bufsize)

                bufsize = sectorsize;

        }

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_COCOA

        u_int32_t   blockSize = 512;

        if ( !ioctl( fd, DKIOCGETBLOCKSIZE, &blockSize ) && blockSize > bufsize) {

            bufsize = blockSize;

        }

#endif

*/

/*

 * offset and count are in bytes, but must be multiples of 512 for files

 * opened with O_DIRECT. buf must be aligned to 512 bytes then.

 *

 * This function may be called without alignment if the caller ensures

 * that O_DIRECT is not in effect.

 */

static int raw_pread_aligned(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,

                     uint8_t *buf, int count)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    int ret;

    ret = fd_open(bs);

    if (ret < 0)

        return ret;

    if (offset >= 0 && lseek(s->fd, offset, SEEK_SET) == (off_t)-1) {

        ++(s->lseek_err_cnt);

        if(s->lseek_err_cnt <= 10) {

            DEBUG_BLOCK_PRINT("raw_pread(%d:%s, %" PRId64 ", %p, %d) [%" PRId64

                              "] lseek failed : %d = %s\n",

                              s->fd, bs->filename, offset, buf, count,

                              bs->total_sectors, errno, strerror(errno));

        }

        return -1;

    }

    s->lseek_err_cnt=0;

    ret = read(s->fd, buf, count);

    if (ret == count)

        goto label__raw_read__success;

    DEBUG_BLOCK_PRINT("raw_pread(%d:%s, %" PRId64 ", %p, %d) [%" PRId64

                      "] read failed %d : %d = %s\n",

                      s->fd, bs->filename, offset, buf, count,

                      bs->total_sectors, ret, errno, strerror(errno));

    /* Try harder for CDrom. */

    if (bs->type == BDRV_TYPE_CDROM) {

        lseek(s->fd, offset, SEEK_SET);

        ret = read(s->fd, buf, count);

        if (ret == count)

            goto label__raw_read__success;

        lseek(s->fd, offset, SEEK_SET);

        ret = read(s->fd, buf, count);

        if (ret == count)

            goto label__raw_read__success;

        DEBUG_BLOCK_PRINT("raw_pread(%d:%s, %" PRId64 ", %p, %d) [%" PRId64

                          "] retry read failed %d : %d = %s\n",

                          s->fd, bs->filename, offset, buf, count,

                          bs->total_sectors, ret, errno, strerror(errno));

    }

label__raw_read__success:

    return ret;

}

/*

 * offset and count are in bytes, but must be multiples of 512 for files

 * opened with O_DIRECT. buf must be aligned to 512 bytes then.

 *

 * This function may be called without alignment if the caller ensures

 * that O_DIRECT is not in effect.

 */

static int raw_pwrite_aligned(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,

                      const uint8_t *buf, int count)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    int ret;

    ret = fd_open(bs);

    if (ret < 0)

        return -errno;

    if (offset >= 0 && lseek(s->fd, offset, SEEK_SET) == (off_t)-1) {

        ++(s->lseek_err_cnt);

        if(s->lseek_err_cnt) {

            DEBUG_BLOCK_PRINT("raw_pwrite(%d:%s, %" PRId64 ", %p, %d) [%"

                              PRId64 "] lseek failed : %d = %s\n",

                              s->fd, bs->filename, offset, buf, count,

                              bs->total_sectors, errno, strerror(errno));

        }

        return -EIO;

    }

    s->lseek_err_cnt = 0;

    ret = write(s->fd, buf, count);

    if (ret == count)

        goto label__raw_write__success;

    DEBUG_BLOCK_PRINT("raw_pwrite(%d:%s, %" PRId64 ", %p, %d) [%" PRId64

                      "] write failed %d : %d = %s\n",

                      s->fd, bs->filename, offset, buf, count,

                      bs->total_sectors, ret, errno, strerror(errno));

label__raw_write__success:

    return  (ret < 0) ? -errno : ret;

}

/*

 * offset and count are in bytes and possibly not aligned. For files opened

 * with O_DIRECT, necessary alignments are ensured before calling

 * raw_pread_aligned to do the actual read.

 */

static int raw_pread(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,

                     uint8_t *buf, int count)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    int size, ret, shift, sum;

    sum = 0;

    if (s->aligned_buf != NULL)  {

        if (offset & 0x1ff) {

            /* align offset on a 512 bytes boundary */

            shift = offset & 0x1ff;

            size = (shift + count + 0x1ff) & ~0x1ff;

            if (size > ALIGNED_BUFFER_SIZE)

                size = ALIGNED_BUFFER_SIZE;

            ret = raw_pread_aligned(bs, offset - shift, s->aligned_buf, size);

            if (ret < 0)

                return ret;

            size = 512 - shift;

            if (size > count)

                size = count;

            memcpy(buf, s->aligned_buf + shift, size);

            buf += size;

            offset += size;

            count -= size;

            sum += size;

            if (count == 0)

                return sum;

        }

        if (count & 0x1ff || (uintptr_t) buf & 0x1ff) {

            /* read on aligned buffer */

            while (count) {

                size = (count + 0x1ff) & ~0x1ff;

                if (size > ALIGNED_BUFFER_SIZE)

                    size = ALIGNED_BUFFER_SIZE;

                ret = raw_pread_aligned(bs, offset, s->aligned_buf, size);

                if (ret < 0)

                    return ret;

                size = ret;

                if (size > count)

                    size = count;

                memcpy(buf, s->aligned_buf, size);

                buf += size;

                offset += size;

                count -= size;

                sum += size;

            }

            return sum;

        }

    }

    return raw_pread_aligned(bs, offset, buf, count) + sum;

}

static int raw_read(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,

                    uint8_t *buf, int nb_sectors)

{

    int ret;

    ret = raw_pread(bs, sector_num * 512, buf, nb_sectors * 512);

    if (ret == (nb_sectors * 512))

        ret = 0;

    return ret;

}

/*

 * offset and count are in bytes and possibly not aligned. For files opened

 * with O_DIRECT, necessary alignments are ensured before calling

 * raw_pwrite_aligned to do the actual write.

 */

static int raw_pwrite(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,

                      const uint8_t *buf, int count)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    int size, ret, shift, sum;

    sum = 0;

    if (s->aligned_buf != NULL) {

        if (offset & 0x1ff) {

            /* align offset on a 512 bytes boundary */

            shift = offset & 0x1ff;

            ret = raw_pread_aligned(bs, offset - shift, s->aligned_buf, 512);

            if (ret < 0)

                return ret;

            size = 512 - shift;

            if (size > count)

                size = count;

            memcpy(s->aligned_buf + shift, buf, size);

            ret = raw_pwrite_aligned(bs, offset - shift, s->aligned_buf, 512);

            if (ret < 0)

                return ret;

            buf += size;

            offset += size;

            count -= size;

            sum += size;

            if (count == 0)

                return sum;

        }

        if (count & 0x1ff || (uintptr_t) buf & 0x1ff) {

            while ((size = (count & ~0x1ff)) != 0) {

                if (size > ALIGNED_BUFFER_SIZE)

                    size = ALIGNED_BUFFER_SIZE;

                memcpy(s->aligned_buf, buf, size);

                ret = raw_pwrite_aligned(bs, offset, s->aligned_buf, size);

                if (ret < 0)

                    return ret;

                buf += ret;

                offset += ret;

                count -= ret;

                sum += ret;

            }

            /* here, count < 512 because (count & ~0x1ff) == 0 */

            if (count) {

                ret = raw_pread_aligned(bs, offset, s->aligned_buf, 512);

                if (ret < 0)

                    return ret;

                 memcpy(s->aligned_buf, buf, count);

                 ret = raw_pwrite_aligned(bs, offset, s->aligned_buf, 512);

                 if (ret < 0)

                     return ret;

                 if (count < ret)

                     ret = count;

                 sum += ret;

            }

            return sum;

        }

    }

    return raw_pwrite_aligned(bs, offset, buf, count) + sum;

}

static int raw_write(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,

                     const uint8_t *buf, int nb_sectors)

{

    int ret;

    ret = raw_pwrite(bs, sector_num * 512, buf, nb_sectors * 512);

    if (ret == (nb_sectors * 512))

        ret = 0;

    return ret;

}

#ifdef CONFIG_AIO

/***********************************************************/

/* Unix AIO using POSIX AIO */

typedef struct RawAIOCB {

    BlockDriverAIOCB common;

    struct qemu_paiocb aiocb;

    struct RawAIOCB *next;

    int ret;

} RawAIOCB;

typedef struct PosixAioState

{

    int rfd, wfd;

    RawAIOCB *first_aio;

} PosixAioState;

static void posix_aio_read(void *opaque)

{

    PosixAioState *s = opaque;

    RawAIOCB *acb, **pacb;

    int ret;

    ssize_t len;

    /* read all bytes from signal pipe */

    for (;;) {

        char bytes[16];

        len = read(s->rfd, bytes, sizeof(bytes));

        if (len == -1 && errno == EINTR)

            continue; /* try again */

        if (len == sizeof(bytes))

            continue; /* more to read */

        break;

    }

    for(;;) {

        pacb = &s->first_aio;

        for(;;) {

            acb = *pacb;

            if (!acb)

                goto the_end;

            ret = qemu_paio_error(&acb->aiocb);

            if (ret == ECANCELED) {

                /* remove the request */

                *pacb = acb->next;

                qemu_aio_release(acb);

            } else if (ret != EINPROGRESS) {

                /* end of aio */

                if (ret == 0) {

                    ret = qemu_paio_return(&acb->aiocb);

                    if (ret == acb->aiocb.aio_nbytes)

                        ret = 0;

                    else

                        ret = -EINVAL;

                } else {

                    ret = -ret;

                }

                /* remove the request */

                *pacb = acb->next;

                /* call the callback */

                acb->common.cb(acb->common.opaque, ret);

                qemu_aio_release(acb);

                break;

            } else {

                pacb = &acb->next;

            }

        }

    }

 the_end: ;

}

static int posix_aio_flush(void *opaque)

{

    PosixAioState *s = opaque;

    return !!s->first_aio;

}

static PosixAioState *posix_aio_state;

static void aio_signal_handler(int signum)

{

    if (posix_aio_state) {

        char byte = 0;

        write(posix_aio_state->wfd, &byte, sizeof(byte));

    }

    qemu_service_io();

}

static int posix_aio_init(void)

{

    struct sigaction act;

    PosixAioState *s;

    int fds[2];

    struct qemu_paioinit ai;

    if (posix_aio_state)

        return 0;

    s = qemu_malloc(sizeof(PosixAioState));

    sigfillset(&act.sa_mask);

    act.sa_flags = 0; /* do not restart syscalls to interrupt select() */

    act.sa_handler = aio_signal_handler;

    sigaction(SIGUSR2, &act, NULL);

    s->first_aio = NULL;

    if (pipe(fds) == -1) {

        fprintf(stderr, "failed to create pipe\n");

        return -errno;

    }

    s->rfd = fds[0];

    s->wfd = fds[1];

    fcntl(s->rfd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);

    fcntl(s->wfd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);

    qemu_aio_set_fd_handler(s->rfd, posix_aio_read, NULL, posix_aio_flush, s);

    memset(&ai, 0, sizeof(ai));

    ai.aio_threads = 64;

    ai.aio_num = 64;

    qemu_paio_init(&ai);

    posix_aio_state = s;

    return 0;

}

static RawAIOCB *raw_aio_setup(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,

        QEMUIOVector *qiov, int nb_sectors,

        BlockDriverCompletionFunc *cb, void *opaque)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    RawAIOCB *acb;

    if (fd_open(bs) < 0)

        return NULL;

    acb = qemu_aio_get(bs, cb, opaque);

    if (!acb)

        return NULL;

    acb->aiocb.aio_fildes = s->fd;

    acb->aiocb.ev_signo = SIGUSR2;

    acb->aiocb.aio_iov = qiov->iov;

    acb->aiocb.aio_niov = qiov->niov;

    acb->aiocb.aio_nbytes = nb_sectors * 512;

    acb->aiocb.aio_offset = sector_num * 512;

    acb->aiocb.aio_flags = 0;

    /*

     * If O_DIRECT is used the buffer needs to be aligned on a sector

     * boundary. Tell the low level code to ensure that in case it's

     * not done yet.

     */

    if (s->aligned_buf)

        acb->aiocb.aio_flags |= QEMU_AIO_SECTOR_ALIGNED;

    acb->next = posix_aio_state->first_aio;

    posix_aio_state->first_aio = acb;

    return acb;

}

static void raw_aio_remove(RawAIOCB *acb)

{

    RawAIOCB **pacb;

    /* remove the callback from the queue */

    pacb = &posix_aio_state->first_aio;

    for(;;) {

        if (*pacb == NULL) {

            fprintf(stderr, "raw_aio_remove: aio request not found!\n");

            break;

        } else if (*pacb == acb) {

            *pacb = acb->next;

            qemu_aio_release(acb);

            break;

        }

        pacb = &(*pacb)->next;

    }

}

static BlockDriverAIOCB *raw_aio_readv(BlockDriverState *bs,

        int64_t sector_num, QEMUIOVector *qiov, int nb_sectors,

        BlockDriverCompletionFunc *cb, void *opaque)

{

    RawAIOCB *acb;

    acb = raw_aio_setup(bs, sector_num, qiov, nb_sectors, cb, opaque);

    if (!acb)

        return NULL;

    if (qemu_paio_read(&acb->aiocb) < 0) {

        raw_aio_remove(acb);

        return NULL;

    }

    return &acb->common;

}

static BlockDriverAIOCB *raw_aio_writev(BlockDriverState *bs,

        int64_t sector_num, QEMUIOVector *qiov, int nb_sectors,

        BlockDriverCompletionFunc *cb, void *opaque)

{

    RawAIOCB *acb;

    acb = raw_aio_setup(bs, sector_num, qiov, nb_sectors, cb, opaque);

    if (!acb)

        return NULL;

    if (qemu_paio_write(&acb->aiocb) < 0) {

        raw_aio_remove(acb);

        return NULL;

    }

    return &acb->common;

}

static void raw_aio_cancel(BlockDriverAIOCB *blockacb)

{

    int ret;

    RawAIOCB *acb = (RawAIOCB *)blockacb;

    ret = qemu_paio_cancel(acb->aiocb.aio_fildes, &acb->aiocb);

    if (ret == QEMU_PAIO_NOTCANCELED) {

        /* fail safe: if the aio could not be canceled, we wait for

           it */

        while (qemu_paio_error(&acb->aiocb) == EINPROGRESS);

    }

    raw_aio_remove(acb);

}

#else /* CONFIG_AIO */

static int posix_aio_init(void)

{

    return 0;

}

#endif /* CONFIG_AIO */

static void raw_close(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    if (s->fd >= 0) {

        close(s->fd);

        s->fd = -1;

        if (s->aligned_buf != NULL)

            qemu_free(s->aligned_buf);

    }

}

static int raw_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    if (s->type != FTYPE_FILE)

        return -ENOTSUP;

    if (ftruncate(s->fd, offset) < 0)

        return -errno;

    return 0;

}

#ifdef __OpenBSD__

static int64_t raw_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    int fd = s->fd;

    struct stat st;

    if (fstat(fd, &st))

        return -1;

    if (S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) || S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {

        struct disklabel dl;

        if (ioctl(fd, DIOCGDINFO, &dl))

            return -1;

        return (uint64_t)dl.d_secsize *

            dl.d_partitions[DISKPART(st.st_rdev)].p_size;

    } else

        return st.st_size;

}

#else /* !__OpenBSD__ */

static int64_t  raw_getlength(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    int fd = s->fd;

    int64_t size;

#ifdef HOST_BSD

    struct stat sb;

#ifdef __FreeBSD__

    int reopened = 0;

#endif

#endif

#ifdef __sun__

    struct dk_minfo minfo;

    int rv;

#endif

    int ret;

    ret = fd_open(bs);

    if (ret < 0)

        return ret;

#ifdef HOST_BSD

#ifdef __FreeBSD__

again:

#endif

    if (!fstat(fd, &sb) && (S_IFCHR & sb.st_mode)) {

#ifdef DIOCGMEDIASIZE

        if (ioctl(fd, DIOCGMEDIASIZE, (off_t *)&size))

#elif defined(DIOCGPART)

        {

                struct partinfo pi;

                if (ioctl(fd, DIOCGPART, &pi) == 0)

                        size = pi.media_size;

                else

                        size = 0;

        }

        if (size == 0)

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_COCOA

        size = LONG_LONG_MAX;

#else

        size = lseek(fd, 0LL, SEEK_END);

#endif

#ifdef __FreeBSD__

        switch(s->type) {

        case FTYPE_CD:

            /* XXX FreeBSD acd returns UINT_MAX sectors for an empty drive */

            if (size == 2048LL * (unsigned)-1)

                size = 0;

            /* XXX no disc?  maybe we need to reopen... */

            if (size <= 0 && !reopened && cd_open(bs) >= 0) {

                reopened = 1;

                goto again;

            }

        }

#endif

    } else

#endif

#ifdef __sun__

    /*

     * use the DKIOCGMEDIAINFO ioctl to read the size.

     */

    rv = ioctl ( fd, DKIOCGMEDIAINFO, &minfo );

    if ( rv != -1 ) {

        size = minfo.dki_lbsize * minfo.dki_capacity;

    } else /* there are reports that lseek on some devices

              fails, but irc discussion said that contingency

              on contingency was overkill */

#endif

    {

        size = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_END);

    }

    return size;

}

#endif

static int raw_create(const char *filename, QEMUOptionParameter *options)

{

    int fd;

    int64_t total_size = 0;

    /* Read out options */

    while (options && options->name) {

        if (!strcmp(options->name, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE)) {

            total_size = options->value.n / 512;

        }

        options++;

    }

    fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_BINARY,

              0644);

    if (fd < 0)

        return -EIO;

    ftruncate(fd, total_size * 512);

    close(fd);

    return 0;

}

static void raw_flush(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    fsync(s->fd);

}

static QEMUOptionParameter raw_create_options[] = {

    { BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,           OPT_SIZE },

    { NULL }

};

static BlockDriver bdrv_raw = {

    .format_name = "raw",

    .instance_size = sizeof(BDRVRawState),

    .bdrv_probe = NULL, /* no probe for protocols */

    .bdrv_open = raw_open,

    .bdrv_read = raw_read,

    .bdrv_write = raw_write,

    .bdrv_close = raw_close,

    .bdrv_create = raw_create,

    .bdrv_flush = raw_flush,

#ifdef CONFIG_AIO

    .bdrv_aio_readv = raw_aio_readv,

    .bdrv_aio_writev = raw_aio_writev,

    .bdrv_aio_cancel = raw_aio_cancel,

    .aiocb_size = sizeof(RawAIOCB),

#endif

    .bdrv_truncate = raw_truncate,

    .bdrv_getlength = raw_getlength,

    .create_options = raw_create_options,

};

/***********************************************/

/* host device */

#ifdef CONFIG_COCOA

static kern_return_t FindEjectableCDMedia( io_iterator_t *mediaIterator );

static kern_return_t GetBSDPath( io_iterator_t mediaIterator, char *bsdPath, CFIndex maxPathSize );

kern_return_t FindEjectableCDMedia( io_iterator_t *mediaIterator )

{

    kern_return_t       kernResult;

    mach_port_t     masterPort;

    CFMutableDictionaryRef  classesToMatch;

    kernResult = IOMasterPort( MACH_PORT_NULL, &masterPort );

    if ( KERN_SUCCESS != kernResult ) {

        printf( "IOMasterPort returned %d\n", kernResult );

    }

    classesToMatch = IOServiceMatching( kIOCDMediaClass );

    if ( classesToMatch == NULL ) {

        printf( "IOServiceMatching returned a NULL dictionary.\n" );

    } else {

    CFDictionarySetValue( classesToMatch, CFSTR( kIOMediaEjectableKey ), kCFBooleanTrue );

    }

    kernResult = IOServiceGetMatchingServices( masterPort, classesToMatch, mediaIterator );

    if ( KERN_SUCCESS != kernResult )

    {

        printf( "IOServiceGetMatchingServices returned %d\n", kernResult );

    }

    return kernResult;

}

kern_return_t GetBSDPath( io_iterator_t mediaIterator, char *bsdPath, CFIndex maxPathSize )

{

    io_object_t     nextMedia;

    kern_return_t   kernResult = KERN_FAILURE;

    *bsdPath = '\0';

    nextMedia = IOIteratorNext( mediaIterator );

    if ( nextMedia )

    {

        CFTypeRef   bsdPathAsCFString;

    bsdPathAsCFString = IORegistryEntryCreateCFProperty( nextMedia, CFSTR( kIOBSDNameKey ), kCFAllocatorDefault, 0 );

        if ( bsdPathAsCFString ) {

            size_t devPathLength;

            strcpy( bsdPath, _PATH_DEV );

            strcat( bsdPath, "r" );

            devPathLength = strlen( bsdPath );

            if ( CFStringGetCString( bsdPathAsCFString, bsdPath + devPathLength, maxPathSize - devPathLength, kCFStringEncodingASCII ) ) {

                kernResult = KERN_SUCCESS;

            }

            CFRelease( bsdPathAsCFString );

        }

        IOObjectRelease( nextMedia );

    }

    return kernResult;

}

#endif

static int hdev_open(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *filename, int flags)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    int fd, open_flags, ret;

    posix_aio_init();

#ifdef CONFIG_COCOA

    if (strstart(filename, "/dev/cdrom", NULL)) {

        kern_return_t kernResult;

        io_iterator_t mediaIterator;

        char bsdPath[ MAXPATHLEN ];

        int fd;

        kernResult = FindEjectableCDMedia( &mediaIterator );

        kernResult = GetBSDPath( mediaIterator, bsdPath, sizeof( bsdPath ) );

        if ( bsdPath[ 0 ] != '\0' ) {

            strcat(bsdPath,"s0");

            /* some CDs don't have a partition 0 */

            fd = open(bsdPath, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY | O_LARGEFILE);

            if (fd < 0) {

                bsdPath[strlen(bsdPath)-1] = '1';

            } else {

                close(fd);

            }

            filename = bsdPath;

        }

        if ( mediaIterator )

            IOObjectRelease( mediaIterator );

    }

#endif

    open_flags = O_BINARY;

    if ((flags & BDRV_O_ACCESS) == O_RDWR) {

        open_flags |= O_RDWR;

    } else {

        open_flags |= O_RDONLY;

        bs->read_only = 1;

    }

    /* Use O_DSYNC for write-through caching, no flags for write-back caching,

     * and O_DIRECT for no caching. */

    if ((flags & BDRV_O_NOCACHE))

        open_flags |= O_DIRECT;

    else if (!(flags & BDRV_O_CACHE_WB))

        open_flags |= O_DSYNC;

    s->type = FTYPE_FILE;

#if defined(__linux__)

    if (strstart(filename, "/dev/cd", NULL)) {

        /* open will not fail even if no CD is inserted */

        open_flags |= O_NONBLOCK;

        s->type = FTYPE_CD;

    } else if (strstart(filename, "/dev/fd", NULL)) {

        s->type = FTYPE_FD;

        s->fd_open_flags = open_flags;

        /* open will not fail even if no floppy is inserted */

        open_flags |= O_NONBLOCK;

#ifdef CONFIG_AIO

    } else if (strstart(filename, "/dev/sg", NULL)) {

        bs->sg = 1;

#endif

    }

#endif

#if defined(__FreeBSD__)

    if (strstart(filename, "/dev/cd", NULL) ||

        strstart(filename, "/dev/acd", NULL)) {

        s->type = FTYPE_CD;

        s->cd_open_flags = open_flags;

    }

#endif

    s->fd = -1;

    fd = open(filename, open_flags, 0644);

    if (fd < 0) {

        ret = -errno;

        if (ret == -EROFS)

            ret = -EACCES;

        return ret;

    }

    s->fd = fd;

#if defined(__FreeBSD__)

    /* make sure the door isnt locked at this time */

    if (s->type == FTYPE_CD)

        ioctl (s->fd, CDIOCALLOW);

#endif

#if defined(__linux__)

    /* close fd so that we can reopen it as needed */

    if (s->type == FTYPE_FD) {

        close(s->fd);

        s->fd = -1;

        s->fd_media_changed = 1;

    }

#endif

    return 0;

}

#if defined(__linux__)

/* Note: we do not have a reliable method to detect if the floppy is

   present. The current method is to try to open the floppy at every

   I/O and to keep it opened during a few hundreds of ms. */

static int fd_open(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    int last_media_present;

    if (s->type != FTYPE_FD)

        return 0;

    last_media_present = (s->fd >= 0);

    if (s->fd >= 0 &&

        (qemu_get_clock(rt_clock) - s->fd_open_time) >= FD_OPEN_TIMEOUT) {

        close(s->fd);

        s->fd = -1;

#ifdef DEBUG_FLOPPY

        printf("Floppy closed\n");

#endif

    }

    if (s->fd < 0) {

        if (s->fd_got_error &&

            (qemu_get_clock(rt_clock) - s->fd_error_time) < FD_OPEN_TIMEOUT) {

#ifdef DEBUG_FLOPPY

            printf("No floppy (open delayed)\n");

#endif

            return -EIO;

        }

        s->fd = open(bs->filename, s->fd_open_flags);

        if (s->fd < 0) {

            s->fd_error_time = qemu_get_clock(rt_clock);

            s->fd_got_error = 1;

            if (last_media_present)

                s->fd_media_changed = 1;

#ifdef DEBUG_FLOPPY

            printf("No floppy\n");

#endif

            return -EIO;

        }

#ifdef DEBUG_FLOPPY

        printf("Floppy opened\n");

#endif

    }

    if (!last_media_present)

        s->fd_media_changed = 1;

    s->fd_open_time = qemu_get_clock(rt_clock);

    s->fd_got_error = 0;

    return 0;

}

static int raw_is_inserted(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    int ret;

    switch(s->type) {

    case FTYPE_CD:

        ret = ioctl(s->fd, CDROM_DRIVE_STATUS, CDSL_CURRENT);

        if (ret == CDS_DISC_OK)

            return 1;

        else

            return 0;

        break;

    case FTYPE_FD:

        ret = fd_open(bs);

        return (ret >= 0);

    default:

        return 1;

    }

}

/* currently only used by fdc.c, but a CD version would be good too */

static int raw_media_changed(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    switch(s->type) {

    case FTYPE_FD:

        {

            int ret;

            /* XXX: we do not have a true media changed indication. It

               does not work if the floppy is changed without trying

               to read it */

            fd_open(bs);

            ret = s->fd_media_changed;

            s->fd_media_changed = 0;

#ifdef DEBUG_FLOPPY

            printf("Floppy changed=%d\n", ret);

#endif

            return ret;

        }

    default:

        return -ENOTSUP;

    }

}

static int raw_eject(BlockDriverState *bs, int eject_flag)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    switch(s->type) {

    case FTYPE_CD:

        if (eject_flag) {

            if (ioctl (s->fd, CDROMEJECT, NULL) < 0)

                perror("CDROMEJECT");

        } else {

            if (ioctl (s->fd, CDROMCLOSETRAY, NULL) < 0)

                perror("CDROMEJECT");

        }

        break;

    case FTYPE_FD:

        {

            int fd;

            if (s->fd >= 0) {

                close(s->fd);

                s->fd = -1;

            }

            fd = open(bs->filename, s->fd_open_flags | O_NONBLOCK);

            if (fd >= 0) {

                if (ioctl(fd, FDEJECT, 0) < 0)

                    perror("FDEJECT");

                close(fd);

            }

        }

        break;

    default:

        return -ENOTSUP;

    }

    return 0;

}

static int raw_set_locked(BlockDriverState *bs, int locked)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    switch(s->type) {

    case FTYPE_CD:

        if (ioctl (s->fd, CDROM_LOCKDOOR, locked) < 0) {

            /* Note: an error can happen if the distribution automatically

               mounts the CD-ROM */

            //        perror("CDROM_LOCKDOOR");

        }

        break;

    default:

        return -ENOTSUP;

    }

    return 0;

}

static int raw_ioctl(BlockDriverState *bs, unsigned long int req, void *buf)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    return ioctl(s->fd, req, buf);

}

#ifdef CONFIG_AIO

static BlockDriverAIOCB *raw_aio_ioctl(BlockDriverState *bs,

        unsigned long int req, void *buf,

        BlockDriverCompletionFunc *cb, void *opaque)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    RawAIOCB *acb;

    if (fd_open(bs) < 0)

        return NULL;

    acb = qemu_aio_get(bs, cb, opaque);

    if (!acb)

        return NULL;

    acb->aiocb.aio_fildes = s->fd;

    acb->aiocb.ev_signo = SIGUSR2;

    acb->aiocb.aio_offset = 0;

    acb->aiocb.aio_flags = 0;

    acb->next = posix_aio_state->first_aio;

    posix_aio_state->first_aio = acb;

    acb->aiocb.aio_ioctl_buf = buf;

    acb->aiocb.aio_ioctl_cmd = req;

    if (qemu_paio_ioctl(&acb->aiocb) < 0) {

        raw_aio_remove(acb);

        return NULL;

    }

    return &acb->common;

}

#endif

#elif defined(__FreeBSD__)

static int fd_open(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    /* this is just to ensure s->fd is sane (its called by io ops) */

    if (s->fd >= 0)

        return 0;

    return -EIO;

}

static int cd_open(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

#if defined(__FreeBSD__)

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    int fd;

    switch(s->type) {

    case FTYPE_CD:

        /* XXX force reread of possibly changed/newly loaded disc,

         * FreeBSD seems to not notice sometimes... */

        if (s->fd >= 0)

            close (s->fd);

        fd = open(bs->filename, s->cd_open_flags, 0644);

        if (fd < 0) {

            s->fd = -1;

            return -EIO;

        }

        s->fd = fd;

        /* make sure the door isnt locked at this time */

        ioctl (s->fd, CDIOCALLOW);

    }

#endif

    return 0;

}

static int raw_is_inserted(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    switch(s->type) {

    case FTYPE_CD:

        return (raw_getlength(bs) > 0);

    case FTYPE_FD:

        /* XXX handle this */

        /* FALLTHRU */

    default:

        return 1;

    }

}

static int raw_media_changed(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    return -ENOTSUP;

}

static int raw_eject(BlockDriverState *bs, int eject_flag)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    switch(s->type) {

    case FTYPE_CD:

        if (s->fd < 0)

            return -ENOTSUP;

        (void) ioctl (s->fd, CDIOCALLOW);

        if (eject_flag) {

            if (ioctl (s->fd, CDIOCEJECT) < 0)

                perror("CDIOCEJECT");

        } else {

            if (ioctl (s->fd, CDIOCCLOSE) < 0)

                perror("CDIOCCLOSE");

        }

        if (cd_open(bs) < 0)

            return -ENOTSUP;

        break;

    case FTYPE_FD:

        /* XXX handle this */

        /* FALLTHRU */

    default:

        return -ENOTSUP;

    }

    return 0;

}

static int raw_set_locked(BlockDriverState *bs, int locked)

{

    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;

    switch(s->type) {

    case FTYPE_CD:

        if (s->fd < 0)

            return -ENOTSUP;

        if (ioctl (s->fd, (locked ? CDIOCPREVENT : CDIOCALLOW)) < 0) {

            /* Note: an error can happen if the distribution automatically

               mounts the CD-ROM */

            //        perror("CDROM_LOCKDOOR");

        }

        break;

    default:

        return -ENOTSUP;

    }

    return 0;

}

static int raw_ioctl(BlockDriverState *bs, unsigned long int req, void *buf)

{

    return -ENOTSUP;

}

#else /* !linux && !FreeBSD */

static int fd_open(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    return 0;

}

static int raw_is_inserted(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    return 1;

}

static int raw_media_changed(BlockDriverState *bs)

{