Archipelago » qemu

/*

 * QEMU disk image utility

 *

 * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard

 *

 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy

 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights

 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell

 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is

 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

 *

 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in

 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

 *

 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR

 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,

 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL

 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER

 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,

 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN

 * THE SOFTWARE.

 */

#include "qemu-common.h"

#include "osdep.h"

#include "block_int.h"

#include <assert.h>

#ifdef _WIN32

#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN

#include <windows.h>

#endif

/* Default to cache=writeback as data integrity is not important for qemu-tcg. */

#define BRDV_O_FLAGS BDRV_O_CACHE_WB

static void QEMU_NORETURN error(const char *fmt, ...)

{

    va_list ap;

    va_start(ap, fmt);

    fprintf(stderr, "qemu-img: ");

    vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);

    fprintf(stderr, "\n");

    exit(1);

    va_end(ap);

}

static void format_print(void *opaque, const char *name)

{

    printf(" %s", name);

}

/* Please keep in synch with qemu-img.texi */

static void help(void)

{

    printf("qemu-img version " QEMU_VERSION ", Copyright (c) 2004-2008 Fabrice Bellard\n"

           "usage: qemu-img command [command options]\n"

           "QEMU disk image utility\n"

           "\n"

           "Command syntax:\n"

           "  create [-e] [-6] [-b base_image] [-f fmt] filename [size]\n"

           "  commit [-f fmt] filename\n"

           "  convert [-c] [-e] [-6] [-f fmt] [-O output_fmt] [-B output_base_image] filename [filename2 [...]] output_filename\n"

           "  info [-f fmt] filename\n"

           "  snapshot [-l | -a snapshot | -c snapshot | -d snapshot] filename\n"

           "\n"

           "Command parameters:\n"

           "  'filename' is a disk image filename\n"

           "  'base_image' is the read-only disk image which is used as base for a copy on\n"

           "    write image; the copy on write image only stores the modified data\n"

           "  'output_base_image' forces the output image to be created as a copy on write\n"

           "    image of the specified base image; 'output_base_image' should have the same\n"

           "    content as the input's base image, however the path, image format, etc may\n"

           "    differ\n"

           "  'fmt' is the disk image format. It is guessed automatically in most cases\n"

           "  'size' is the disk image size in kilobytes. Optional suffixes\n"

           "    'M' (megabyte, 1024 * 1024) and 'G' (gigabyte, 1024 * 1024 * 1024) are"

           "    supported any @code{k} or @code{K} is ignored\n"

           "  'output_filename' is the destination disk image filename\n"

           "  'output_fmt' is the destination format\n"

           "  '-c' indicates that target image must be compressed (qcow format only)\n"

           "  '-e' indicates that the target image must be encrypted (qcow format only)\n"

           "  '-6' indicates that the target image must use compatibility level 6 (vmdk format only)\n"

           "  '-h' with or without a command shows this help and lists the supported formats\n"

           "\n"

           "Parameters to snapshot subcommand:\n"

           "  'snapshot' is the name of the snapshot to create, apply or delete\n"

           "  '-a' applies a snapshot (revert disk to saved state)\n"

           "  '-c' creates a snapshot\n"

           "  '-d' deletes a snapshot\n"

           "  '-l' lists all snapshots in the given image\n"

           );

    printf("\nSupported formats:");

    bdrv_iterate_format(format_print, NULL);

    printf("\n");

    exit(1);

}

#if defined(WIN32)

/* XXX: put correct support for win32 */

static int read_password(char *buf, int buf_size)

{

    int c, i;

    printf("Password: ");

    fflush(stdout);

    i = 0;

    for(;;) {

        c = getchar();

        if (c == '\n')

            break;

        if (i < (buf_size - 1))

            buf[i++] = c;

    }

    buf[i] = '\0';

    return 0;

}

#else

#include <termios.h>

static struct termios oldtty;

static void term_exit(void)

{

    tcsetattr (0, TCSANOW, &oldtty);

}

static void term_init(void)

{

    struct termios tty;

    tcgetattr (0, &tty);

    oldtty = tty;

    tty.c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK|BRKINT|PARMRK|ISTRIP

                          |INLCR|IGNCR|ICRNL|IXON);

    tty.c_oflag |= OPOST;

    tty.c_lflag &= ~(ECHO|ECHONL|ICANON|IEXTEN);

    tty.c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE|PARENB);

    tty.c_cflag |= CS8;

    tty.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;

    tty.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;

    tcsetattr (0, TCSANOW, &tty);

    atexit(term_exit);

}

static int read_password(char *buf, int buf_size)

{

    uint8_t ch;

    int i, ret;

    printf("password: ");

    fflush(stdout);

    term_init();

    i = 0;

    for(;;) {

        ret = read(0, &ch, 1);

        if (ret == -1) {

            if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR) {

                continue;

            } else {

                ret = -1;

                break;

            }

        } else if (ret == 0) {

            ret = -1;

            break;

        } else {

            if (ch == '\r') {

                ret = 0;

                break;

            }

            if (i < (buf_size - 1))

                buf[i++] = ch;

        }

    }

    term_exit();

    buf[i] = '\0';

    printf("\n");

    return ret;

}

#endif

static BlockDriverState *bdrv_new_open(const char *filename,

                                       const char *fmt)

{

    BlockDriverState *bs;

    BlockDriver *drv;

    char password[256];

    bs = bdrv_new("");

    if (!bs)

        error("Not enough memory");

    if (fmt) {

        drv = bdrv_find_format(fmt);

        if (!drv)

            error("Unknown file format '%s'", fmt);

    } else {

        drv = NULL;

    }

    if (bdrv_open2(bs, filename, BRDV_O_FLAGS, drv) < 0) {

        error("Could not open '%s'", filename);

    }

    if (bdrv_is_encrypted(bs)) {

        printf("Disk image '%s' is encrypted.\n", filename);

        if (read_password(password, sizeof(password)) < 0)

            error("No password given");

        if (bdrv_set_key(bs, password) < 0)

            error("invalid password");

    }

    return bs;

}

static int img_create(int argc, char **argv)

{

    int c, ret, flags;

    const char *fmt = "raw";

    const char *filename;

    const char *base_filename = NULL;

    uint64_t size;

    const char *p;

    BlockDriver *drv;

    flags = 0;

    for(;;) {

        c = getopt(argc, argv, "b:f:he6");

        if (c == -1)

            break;

        switch(c) {

        case 'h':

            help();

            break;

        case 'b':

            base_filename = optarg;

            break;

        case 'f':

            fmt = optarg;

            break;

        case 'e':

            flags |= BLOCK_FLAG_ENCRYPT;

            break;

        case '6':

            flags |= BLOCK_FLAG_COMPAT6;

            break;

        }

    }

    if (optind >= argc)

        help();

    filename = argv[optind++];

    size = 0;

    if (base_filename) {

        BlockDriverState *bs;

        bs = bdrv_new_open(base_filename, NULL);

        bdrv_get_geometry(bs, &size);

        size *= 512;

        bdrv_delete(bs);

    } else {

        if (optind >= argc)

            help();

        p = argv[optind];

        size = strtoul(p, (char **)&p, 0);

        if (*p == 'M') {

            size *= 1024 * 1024;

        } else if (*p == 'G') {

            size *= 1024 * 1024 * 1024;

        } else if (*p == 'k' || *p == 'K' || *p == '\0') {

            size *= 1024;

        } else {

            help();

        }

    }

    drv = bdrv_find_format(fmt);

    if (!drv)

        error("Unknown file format '%s'", fmt);

    printf("Formatting '%s', fmt=%s",

           filename, fmt);

    if (flags & BLOCK_FLAG_ENCRYPT)

        printf(", encrypted");

    if (flags & BLOCK_FLAG_COMPAT6)

        printf(", compatibility level=6");

    if (base_filename) {

        printf(", backing_file=%s",

               base_filename);

    }

    printf(", size=%" PRIu64 " kB\n", size / 1024);

    ret = bdrv_create(drv, filename, size / 512, base_filename, flags);

    if (ret < 0) {

        if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {

            error("Formatting or formatting option not supported for file format '%s'", fmt);

        } else {

            error("Error while formatting");

        }

    }

    return 0;

}

static int img_commit(int argc, char **argv)

{

    int c, ret;

    const char *filename, *fmt;

    BlockDriver *drv;

    BlockDriverState *bs;

    fmt = NULL;

    for(;;) {

        c = getopt(argc, argv, "f:h");

        if (c == -1)

            break;

        switch(c) {

        case 'h':

            help();

            break;

        case 'f':

            fmt = optarg;

            break;

        }

    }

    if (optind >= argc)

        help();

    filename = argv[optind++];

    bs = bdrv_new("");

    if (!bs)

        error("Not enough memory");

    if (fmt) {

        drv = bdrv_find_format(fmt);

        if (!drv)

            error("Unknown file format '%s'", fmt);

    } else {

        drv = NULL;

    }

    if (bdrv_open2(bs, filename, BRDV_O_FLAGS, drv) < 0) {

        error("Could not open '%s'", filename);

    }

    ret = bdrv_commit(bs);

    switch(ret) {

    case 0:

        printf("Image committed.\n");

        break;

    case -ENOENT:

        error("No disk inserted");

        break;

    case -EACCES:

        error("Image is read-only");

        break;

    case -ENOTSUP:

        error("Image is already committed");

        break;

    default:

        error("Error while committing image");

        break;

    }

    bdrv_delete(bs);

    return 0;

}

static int is_not_zero(const uint8_t *sector, int len)

{

    int i;

    len >>= 2;

    for(i = 0;i < len; i++) {

        if (((uint32_t *)sector)[i] != 0)

            return 1;

    }

    return 0;

}

/*

 * Returns true iff the first sector pointed to by 'buf' contains at least

 * a non-NUL byte.

 *

 * 'pnum' is set to the number of sectors (including and immediately following

 * the first one) that are known to be in the same allocated/unallocated state.

 */

static int is_allocated_sectors(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum)

{

    int v, i;

    if (n <= 0) {

        *pnum = 0;

        return 0;

    }

    v = is_not_zero(buf, 512);

    for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {

        buf += 512;

        if (v != is_not_zero(buf, 512))

            break;

    }

    *pnum = i;

    return v;

}

#define IO_BUF_SIZE 65536

static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)

{

    int c, ret, n, n1, bs_n, bs_i, flags, cluster_size, cluster_sectors;

    const char *fmt, *out_fmt, *out_baseimg, *out_filename;

    BlockDriver *drv;

    BlockDriverState **bs, *out_bs;

    int64_t total_sectors, nb_sectors, sector_num, bs_offset;

    uint64_t bs_sectors;

    uint8_t buf[IO_BUF_SIZE];

    const uint8_t *buf1;

    BlockDriverInfo bdi;

    fmt = NULL;

    out_fmt = "raw";

    out_baseimg = NULL;

    flags = 0;

    for(;;) {

        c = getopt(argc, argv, "f:O:B:hce6");

        if (c == -1)

            break;

        switch(c) {

        case 'h':

            help();

            break;

        case 'f':

            fmt = optarg;

            break;

        case 'O':

            out_fmt = optarg;

            break;

        case 'B':

            out_baseimg = optarg;

            break;

        case 'c':

            flags |= BLOCK_FLAG_COMPRESS;

            break;

        case 'e':

            flags |= BLOCK_FLAG_ENCRYPT;

            break;

        case '6':

            flags |= BLOCK_FLAG_COMPAT6;

            break;

        }

    }

    bs_n = argc - optind - 1;

    if (bs_n < 1) help();

    out_filename = argv[argc - 1];

    if (bs_n > 1 && out_baseimg)

        error("-B makes no sense when concatenating multiple input images");

    bs = calloc(bs_n, sizeof(BlockDriverState *));

    if (!bs)

        error("Out of memory");

    total_sectors = 0;

    for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < bs_n; bs_i++) {

        bs[bs_i] = bdrv_new_open(argv[optind + bs_i], fmt);

        if (!bs[bs_i])

            error("Could not open '%s'", argv[optind + bs_i]);

        bdrv_get_geometry(bs[bs_i], &bs_sectors);

        total_sectors += bs_sectors;

    }

    drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);

    if (!drv)

        error("Unknown file format '%s'", out_fmt);

    if (flags & BLOCK_FLAG_COMPRESS && drv != &bdrv_qcow && drv != &bdrv_qcow2)

        error("Compression not supported for this file format");

    if (flags & BLOCK_FLAG_ENCRYPT && drv != &bdrv_qcow && drv != &bdrv_qcow2)

        error("Encryption not supported for this file format");

    if (flags & BLOCK_FLAG_COMPAT6 && drv != &bdrv_vmdk)

        error("Alternative compatibility level not supported for this file format");

    if (flags & BLOCK_FLAG_ENCRYPT && flags & BLOCK_FLAG_COMPRESS)

        error("Compression and encryption not supported at the same time");

    ret = bdrv_create(drv, out_filename, total_sectors, out_baseimg, flags);

    if (ret < 0) {

        if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {

            error("Formatting not supported for file format '%s'", fmt);

        } else {

            error("Error while formatting '%s'", out_filename);

        }

    }

    out_bs = bdrv_new_open(out_filename, out_fmt);

    bs_i = 0;

    bs_offset = 0;

    bdrv_get_geometry(bs[0], &bs_sectors);

    if (flags & BLOCK_FLAG_COMPRESS) {

        if (bdrv_get_info(out_bs, &bdi) < 0)

            error("could not get block driver info");

        cluster_size = bdi.cluster_size;

        if (cluster_size <= 0 || cluster_size > IO_BUF_SIZE)

            error("invalid cluster size");

        cluster_sectors = cluster_size >> 9;

        sector_num = 0;

        for(;;) {

            int64_t bs_num;

            int remainder;

            uint8_t *buf2;

            nb_sectors = total_sectors - sector_num;

            if (nb_sectors <= 0)

                break;

            if (nb_sectors >= cluster_sectors)

                n = cluster_sectors;

            else

                n = nb_sectors;

            bs_num = sector_num - bs_offset;

            assert (bs_num >= 0);

            remainder = n;

            buf2 = buf;

            while (remainder > 0) {

                int nlow;

                while (bs_num == bs_sectors) {

                    bs_i++;

                    assert (bs_i < bs_n);

                    bs_offset += bs_sectors;

                    bdrv_get_geometry(bs[bs_i], &bs_sectors);

                    bs_num = 0;

                    /* printf("changing part: sector_num=%lld, "

                       "bs_i=%d, bs_offset=%lld, bs_sectors=%lld\n",

                       sector_num, bs_i, bs_offset, bs_sectors); */

                }

                assert (bs_num < bs_sectors);

                nlow = (remainder > bs_sectors - bs_num) ? bs_sectors - bs_num : remainder;

                if (bdrv_read(bs[bs_i], bs_num, buf2, nlow) < 0) 

                    error("error while reading");

                buf2 += nlow * 512;

                bs_num += nlow;

                remainder -= nlow;

            }

            assert (remainder == 0);

            if (n < cluster_sectors)

                memset(buf + n * 512, 0, cluster_size - n * 512);

            if (is_not_zero(buf, cluster_size)) {

                if (bdrv_write_compressed(out_bs, sector_num, buf,

                                          cluster_sectors) != 0)

                    error("error while compressing sector %" PRId64,

                          sector_num);

            }

            sector_num += n;

        }

        /* signal EOF to align */

        bdrv_write_compressed(out_bs, 0, NULL, 0);

    } else {

        sector_num = 0; // total number of sectors converted so far

        for(;;) {

            nb_sectors = total_sectors - sector_num;

            if (nb_sectors <= 0)

                break;

            if (nb_sectors >= (IO_BUF_SIZE / 512))

                n = (IO_BUF_SIZE / 512);

            else

                n = nb_sectors;

            while (sector_num - bs_offset >= bs_sectors) {

                bs_i ++;

                assert (bs_i < bs_n);

                bs_offset += bs_sectors;

                bdrv_get_geometry(bs[bs_i], &bs_sectors);

                /* printf("changing part: sector_num=%lld, bs_i=%d, "

                  "bs_offset=%lld, bs_sectors=%lld\n",

                   sector_num, bs_i, bs_offset, bs_sectors); */

            }

            if (n > bs_offset + bs_sectors - sector_num)

                n = bs_offset + bs_sectors - sector_num;

            /* If the output image is being created as a copy on write image,

               assume that sectors which are unallocated in the input image

               are present in both the output's and input's base images (no

               need to copy them). */

            if (out_baseimg) {

               if (!bdrv_is_allocated(bs[bs_i], sector_num - bs_offset, n, &n1)) {

                  sector_num += n1;

                  continue;

               }

               /* The next 'n1' sectors are allocated in the input image. Copy

                  only those as they may be followed by unallocated sectors. */

               n = n1;

            }

            if (bdrv_read(bs[bs_i], sector_num - bs_offset, buf, n) < 0) 

                error("error while reading");

            /* NOTE: at the same time we convert, we do not write zero

               sectors to have a chance to compress the image. Ideally, we

               should add a specific call to have the info to go faster */

            buf1 = buf;

            while (n > 0) {

                /* If the output image is being created as a copy on write image,

                   copy all sectors even the ones containing only NUL bytes,

                   because they may differ from the sectors in the base image. */

                if (out_baseimg || is_allocated_sectors(buf1, n, &n1)) {

                    if (bdrv_write(out_bs, sector_num, buf1, n1) < 0)

                        error("error while writing");

                }

                sector_num += n1;

                n -= n1;

                buf1 += n1 * 512;

            }

        }

    }

    bdrv_delete(out_bs);

    for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < bs_n; bs_i++)

        bdrv_delete(bs[bs_i]);

    free(bs);

    return 0;

}

#ifdef _WIN32

static int64_t get_allocated_file_size(const char *filename)

{

    typedef DWORD (WINAPI * get_compressed_t)(const char *filename, DWORD *high);

    get_compressed_t get_compressed;

    struct _stati64 st;

    /* WinNT support GetCompressedFileSize to determine allocate size */

    get_compressed = (get_compressed_t) GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle("kernel32"), "GetCompressedFileSizeA");

    if (get_compressed) {

            DWORD high, low;

            low = get_compressed(filename, &high);

            if (low != 0xFFFFFFFFlu || GetLastError() == NO_ERROR)

            return (((int64_t) high) << 32) + low;

    }

    if (_stati64(filename, &st) < 0)

        return -1;

    return st.st_size;

}

#else

static int64_t get_allocated_file_size(const char *filename)

{

    struct stat st;

    if (stat(filename, &st) < 0)

        return -1;

    return (int64_t)st.st_blocks * 512;

}

#endif

static void dump_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_tab, *sn;

    int nb_sns, i;

    char buf[256];

    nb_sns = bdrv_snapshot_list(bs, &sn_tab);

    if (nb_sns <= 0)

        return;

    printf("Snapshot list:\n");

    printf("%s\n", bdrv_snapshot_dump(buf, sizeof(buf), NULL));

    for(i = 0; i < nb_sns; i++) {

        sn = &sn_tab[i];

        printf("%s\n", bdrv_snapshot_dump(buf, sizeof(buf), sn));

    }

    qemu_free(sn_tab);

}

static int img_info(int argc, char **argv)

{

    int c;

    const char *filename, *fmt;

    BlockDriver *drv;

    BlockDriverState *bs;

    char fmt_name[128], size_buf[128], dsize_buf[128];

    uint64_t total_sectors;

    int64_t allocated_size;

    char backing_filename[1024];

    char backing_filename2[1024];

    BlockDriverInfo bdi;

    fmt = NULL;

    for(;;) {

        c = getopt(argc, argv, "f:h");

        if (c == -1)

            break;

        switch(c) {

        case 'h':

            help();

            break;

        case 'f':

            fmt = optarg;

            break;

        }

    }

    if (optind >= argc)

        help();

    filename = argv[optind++];

    bs = bdrv_new("");

    if (!bs)

        error("Not enough memory");

    if (fmt) {

        drv = bdrv_find_format(fmt);

        if (!drv)

            error("Unknown file format '%s'", fmt);

    } else {

        drv = NULL;

    }

    if (bdrv_open2(bs, filename, BRDV_O_FLAGS, drv) < 0) {

        error("Could not open '%s'", filename);

    }

    bdrv_get_format(bs, fmt_name, sizeof(fmt_name));

    bdrv_get_geometry(bs, &total_sectors);

    get_human_readable_size(size_buf, sizeof(size_buf), total_sectors * 512);

    allocated_size = get_allocated_file_size(filename);

    if (allocated_size < 0)

        snprintf(dsize_buf, sizeof(dsize_buf), "unavailable");

    else

        get_human_readable_size(dsize_buf, sizeof(dsize_buf),

                                allocated_size);

    printf("image: %s\n"

           "file format: %s\n"

           "virtual size: %s (%" PRId64 " bytes)\n"

           "disk size: %s\n",

           filename, fmt_name, size_buf,

           (total_sectors * 512),

           dsize_buf);

    if (bdrv_is_encrypted(bs))

        printf("encrypted: yes\n");

    if (bdrv_get_info(bs, &bdi) >= 0) {

        if (bdi.cluster_size != 0)

            printf("cluster_size: %d\n", bdi.cluster_size);

        if (bdi.highest_alloc)

            printf("highest_alloc: %" PRId64 "\n", bdi.highest_alloc);

        if (bdi.num_free_bytes)

            printf("num_free_bytes: %" PRId64 "\n", bdi.num_free_bytes);

    }

    bdrv_get_backing_filename(bs, backing_filename, sizeof(backing_filename));

    if (backing_filename[0] != '\0') {

        path_combine(backing_filename2, sizeof(backing_filename2),

                     filename, backing_filename);

        printf("backing file: %s (actual path: %s)\n",

               backing_filename,

               backing_filename2);

    }

    dump_snapshots(bs);

    bdrv_delete(bs);

    return 0;

}

#define SNAPSHOT_LIST   1

#define SNAPSHOT_CREATE 2

#define SNAPSHOT_APPLY  3

#define SNAPSHOT_DELETE 4

static void img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)

{

    BlockDriverState *bs;

    QEMUSnapshotInfo sn;

    char *filename, *snapshot_name = NULL;

    int c, ret;

    int action = 0;

    qemu_timeval tv;

    /* Parse commandline parameters */

    for(;;) {

        c = getopt(argc, argv, "la:c:d:h");

        if (c == -1)

            break;

        switch(c) {

        case 'h':

            help();

            return;

        case 'l':

            if (action) {

                help();

                return;

            }

            action = SNAPSHOT_LIST;

            break;

        case 'a':

            if (action) {

                help();

                return;

            }

            action = SNAPSHOT_APPLY;

            snapshot_name = optarg;

            break;

        case 'c':

            if (action) {

                help();

                return;

            }

            action = SNAPSHOT_CREATE;

            snapshot_name = optarg;

            break;

        case 'd':

            if (action) {

                help();

                return;

            }

            action = SNAPSHOT_DELETE;

            snapshot_name = optarg;

            break;

        }

    }

    if (optind >= argc)

        help();

    filename = argv[optind++];

    /* Open the image */

    bs = bdrv_new("");

    if (!bs)

        error("Not enough memory");

    if (bdrv_open2(bs, filename, 0, NULL) < 0) {

        error("Could not open '%s'", filename);

    }

    /* Perform the requested action */

    switch(action) {

    case SNAPSHOT_LIST:

        dump_snapshots(bs);

        break;

    case SNAPSHOT_CREATE:

        memset(&sn, 0, sizeof(sn));

        pstrcpy(sn.name, sizeof(sn.name), snapshot_name);

        qemu_gettimeofday(&tv);

        sn.date_sec = tv.tv_sec;

        sn.date_nsec = tv.tv_usec * 1000;

        ret = bdrv_snapshot_create(bs, &sn);

        if (ret)

            error("Could not create snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",

                snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));

        break;

    case SNAPSHOT_APPLY:

        ret = bdrv_snapshot_goto(bs, snapshot_name);

        if (ret)

            error("Could not apply snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",

                snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));

        break;

    case SNAPSHOT_DELETE:

        ret = bdrv_snapshot_delete(bs, snapshot_name);

        if (ret)