Archipelago » qemu

/*

 * QEMU PC System Emulator

 *

 * Copyright (c) 2003-2004 Fabrice Bellard

 *

 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy

 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights

 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell

 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is

 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

 *

 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in

 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

 *

 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR

 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,

 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL

 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER

 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,

 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN

 * THE SOFTWARE.

 */

#include "hw.h"

#include "pc.h"

#include "fdc.h"

#include "pci.h"

#include "block.h"

#include "sysemu.h"

#include "audio/audio.h"

#include "net.h"

#include "smbus.h"

#include "boards.h"

#include "monitor.h"

#include "fw_cfg.h"

#include "hpet_emul.h"

#include "watchdog.h"

#include "smbios.h"

#include "ide.h"

#include "loader.h"

#include "elf.h"

/* output Bochs bios info messages */

//#define DEBUG_BIOS

/* Show multiboot debug output */

//#define DEBUG_MULTIBOOT

#define BIOS_FILENAME "bios.bin"

#define VGABIOS_FILENAME "vgabios.bin"

#define VGABIOS_CIRRUS_FILENAME "vgabios-cirrus.bin"

#define PC_MAX_BIOS_SIZE (4 * 1024 * 1024)

/* Leave a chunk of memory at the top of RAM for the BIOS ACPI tables.  */

#define ACPI_DATA_SIZE       0x10000

#define BIOS_CFG_IOPORT 0x510

#define FW_CFG_ACPI_TABLES (FW_CFG_ARCH_LOCAL + 0)

#define FW_CFG_SMBIOS_ENTRIES (FW_CFG_ARCH_LOCAL + 1)

#define FW_CFG_IRQ0_OVERRIDE (FW_CFG_ARCH_LOCAL + 2)

#define MAX_IDE_BUS 2

static fdctrl_t *floppy_controller;

static RTCState *rtc_state;

static PITState *pit;

static PCII440FXState *i440fx_state;

typedef struct isa_irq_state {

    qemu_irq *i8259;

    qemu_irq *ioapic;

} IsaIrqState;

static void isa_irq_handler(void *opaque, int n, int level)

{

    IsaIrqState *isa = (IsaIrqState *)opaque;

    if (n < 16) {

        qemu_set_irq(isa->i8259[n], level);

    }

    if (isa->ioapic)

        qemu_set_irq(isa->ioapic[n], level);

};

static void ioport80_write(void *opaque, uint32_t addr, uint32_t data)

{

}

/* MSDOS compatibility mode FPU exception support */

static qemu_irq ferr_irq;

/* XXX: add IGNNE support */

void cpu_set_ferr(CPUX86State *s)

{

    qemu_irq_raise(ferr_irq);

}

static void ioportF0_write(void *opaque, uint32_t addr, uint32_t data)

{

    qemu_irq_lower(ferr_irq);

}

/* TSC handling */

uint64_t cpu_get_tsc(CPUX86State *env)

{

    return cpu_get_ticks();

}

/* SMM support */

void cpu_smm_update(CPUState *env)

{

    if (i440fx_state && env == first_cpu)

        i440fx_set_smm(i440fx_state, (env->hflags >> HF_SMM_SHIFT) & 1);

}

/* IRQ handling */

int cpu_get_pic_interrupt(CPUState *env)

{

    int intno;

    intno = apic_get_interrupt(env);

    if (intno >= 0) {

        /* set irq request if a PIC irq is still pending */

        /* XXX: improve that */

        pic_update_irq(isa_pic);

        return intno;

    }

    /* read the irq from the PIC */

    if (!apic_accept_pic_intr(env))

        return -1;

    intno = pic_read_irq(isa_pic);

    return intno;

}

static void pic_irq_request(void *opaque, int irq, int level)

{

    CPUState *env = first_cpu;

    if (env->apic_state) {

        while (env) {

            if (apic_accept_pic_intr(env))

                apic_deliver_pic_intr(env, level);

            env = env->next_cpu;

        }

    } else {

        if (level)

            cpu_interrupt(env, CPU_INTERRUPT_HARD);

        else

            cpu_reset_interrupt(env, CPU_INTERRUPT_HARD);

    }

}

/* PC cmos mappings */

#define REG_EQUIPMENT_BYTE          0x14

static int cmos_get_fd_drive_type(int fd0)

{

    int val;

    switch (fd0) {

    case 0:

        /* 1.44 Mb 3"5 drive */

        val = 4;

        break;

    case 1:

        /* 2.88 Mb 3"5 drive */

        val = 5;

        break;

    case 2:

        /* 1.2 Mb 5"5 drive */

        val = 2;

        break;

    default:

        val = 0;

        break;

    }

    return val;

}

static void cmos_init_hd(int type_ofs, int info_ofs, BlockDriverState *hd)

{

    RTCState *s = rtc_state;

    int cylinders, heads, sectors;

    bdrv_get_geometry_hint(hd, &cylinders, &heads, &sectors);

    rtc_set_memory(s, type_ofs, 47);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs, cylinders);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 1, cylinders >> 8);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 2, heads);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 3, 0xff);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 4, 0xff);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 5, 0xc0 | ((heads > 8) << 3));

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 6, cylinders);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 7, cylinders >> 8);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 8, sectors);

}

/* convert boot_device letter to something recognizable by the bios */

static int boot_device2nibble(char boot_device)

{

    switch(boot_device) {

    case 'a':

    case 'b':

        return 0x01; /* floppy boot */

    case 'c':

        return 0x02; /* hard drive boot */

    case 'd':

        return 0x03; /* CD-ROM boot */

    case 'n':

        return 0x04; /* Network boot */

    }

    return 0;

}

/* copy/pasted from cmos_init, should be made a general function

 and used there as well */

static int pc_boot_set(void *opaque, const char *boot_device)

{

    Monitor *mon = cur_mon;

#define PC_MAX_BOOT_DEVICES 3

    RTCState *s = (RTCState *)opaque;

    int nbds, bds[3] = { 0, };

    int i;

    nbds = strlen(boot_device);

    if (nbds > PC_MAX_BOOT_DEVICES) {

        monitor_printf(mon, "Too many boot devices for PC\n");

        return(1);

    }

    for (i = 0; i < nbds; i++) {

        bds[i] = boot_device2nibble(boot_device[i]);

        if (bds[i] == 0) {

            monitor_printf(mon, "Invalid boot device for PC: '%c'\n",

                           boot_device[i]);

            return(1);

        }

    }

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x3d, (bds[1] << 4) | bds[0]);

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x38, (bds[2] << 4));

    return(0);

}

/* hd_table must contain 4 block drivers */

static void cmos_init(ram_addr_t ram_size, ram_addr_t above_4g_mem_size,

                      const char *boot_device, DriveInfo **hd_table)

{

    RTCState *s = rtc_state;

    int nbds, bds[3] = { 0, };

    int val;

    int fd0, fd1, nb;

    int i;

    /* various important CMOS locations needed by PC/Bochs bios */

    /* memory size */

    val = 640; /* base memory in K */

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x15, val);

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x16, val >> 8);

    val = (ram_size / 1024) - 1024;

    if (val > 65535)

        val = 65535;

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x17, val);

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x18, val >> 8);

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x30, val);

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x31, val >> 8);

    if (above_4g_mem_size) {

        rtc_set_memory(s, 0x5b, (unsigned int)above_4g_mem_size >> 16);

        rtc_set_memory(s, 0x5c, (unsigned int)above_4g_mem_size >> 24);

        rtc_set_memory(s, 0x5d, (uint64_t)above_4g_mem_size >> 32);

    }

    if (ram_size > (16 * 1024 * 1024))

        val = (ram_size / 65536) - ((16 * 1024 * 1024) / 65536);

    else

        val = 0;

    if (val > 65535)

        val = 65535;

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x34, val);

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x35, val >> 8);

    /* set the number of CPU */

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x5f, smp_cpus - 1);

    /* set boot devices, and disable floppy signature check if requested */

#define PC_MAX_BOOT_DEVICES 3

    nbds = strlen(boot_device);

    if (nbds > PC_MAX_BOOT_DEVICES) {

        fprintf(stderr, "Too many boot devices for PC\n");

        exit(1);

    }

    for (i = 0; i < nbds; i++) {

        bds[i] = boot_device2nibble(boot_device[i]);

        if (bds[i] == 0) {

            fprintf(stderr, "Invalid boot device for PC: '%c'\n",

                    boot_device[i]);

            exit(1);

        }

    }

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x3d, (bds[1] << 4) | bds[0]);

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x38, (bds[2] << 4) | (fd_bootchk ?  0x0 : 0x1));

    /* floppy type */

    fd0 = fdctrl_get_drive_type(floppy_controller, 0);

    fd1 = fdctrl_get_drive_type(floppy_controller, 1);

    val = (cmos_get_fd_drive_type(fd0) << 4) | cmos_get_fd_drive_type(fd1);

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x10, val);

    val = 0;

    nb = 0;

    if (fd0 < 3)

        nb++;

    if (fd1 < 3)

        nb++;

    switch (nb) {

    case 0:

        break;

    case 1:

        val |= 0x01; /* 1 drive, ready for boot */

        break;

    case 2:

        val |= 0x41; /* 2 drives, ready for boot */

        break;

    }

    val |= 0x02; /* FPU is there */

    val |= 0x04; /* PS/2 mouse installed */

    rtc_set_memory(s, REG_EQUIPMENT_BYTE, val);

    /* hard drives */

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x12, (hd_table[0] ? 0xf0 : 0) | (hd_table[1] ? 0x0f : 0));

    if (hd_table[0])

        cmos_init_hd(0x19, 0x1b, hd_table[0]->bdrv);

    if (hd_table[1])

        cmos_init_hd(0x1a, 0x24, hd_table[1]->bdrv);

    val = 0;

    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {

        if (hd_table[i]) {

            int cylinders, heads, sectors, translation;

            /* NOTE: bdrv_get_geometry_hint() returns the physical

                geometry.  It is always such that: 1 <= sects <= 63, 1

                <= heads <= 16, 1 <= cylinders <= 16383. The BIOS

                geometry can be different if a translation is done. */

            translation = bdrv_get_translation_hint(hd_table[i]->bdrv);

            if (translation == BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_AUTO) {

                bdrv_get_geometry_hint(hd_table[i]->bdrv, &cylinders, &heads, &sectors);

                if (cylinders <= 1024 && heads <= 16 && sectors <= 63) {

                    /* No translation. */

                    translation = 0;

                } else {

                    /* LBA translation. */

                    translation = 1;

                }

            } else {

                translation--;

            }

            val |= translation << (i * 2);

        }

    }

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x39, val);

}

void ioport_set_a20(int enable)

{

    /* XXX: send to all CPUs ? */

    cpu_x86_set_a20(first_cpu, enable);

}

int ioport_get_a20(void)

{

    return ((first_cpu->a20_mask >> 20) & 1);

}

static void ioport92_write(void *opaque, uint32_t addr, uint32_t val)

{

    ioport_set_a20((val >> 1) & 1);

    /* XXX: bit 0 is fast reset */

}

static uint32_t ioport92_read(void *opaque, uint32_t addr)

{

    return ioport_get_a20() << 1;

}

/***********************************************************/

/* Bochs BIOS debug ports */

static void bochs_bios_write(void *opaque, uint32_t addr, uint32_t val)

{

    static const char shutdown_str[8] = "Shutdown";

    static int shutdown_index = 0;

    switch(addr) {

        /* Bochs BIOS messages */

    case 0x400:

    case 0x401:

        fprintf(stderr, "BIOS panic at rombios.c, line %d\n", val);

        exit(1);

    case 0x402:

    case 0x403:

#ifdef DEBUG_BIOS

        fprintf(stderr, "%c", val);

#endif

        break;

    case 0x8900:

        /* same as Bochs power off */

        if (val == shutdown_str[shutdown_index]) {

            shutdown_index++;

            if (shutdown_index == 8) {

                shutdown_index = 0;

                qemu_system_shutdown_request();

            }

        } else {

            shutdown_index = 0;

        }

        break;

        /* LGPL'ed VGA BIOS messages */

    case 0x501:

    case 0x502:

        fprintf(stderr, "VGA BIOS panic, line %d\n", val);

        exit(1);

    case 0x500:

    case 0x503:

#ifdef DEBUG_BIOS

        fprintf(stderr, "%c", val);

#endif

        break;

    }

}

static void *bochs_bios_init(void)

{

    void *fw_cfg;

    uint8_t *smbios_table;

    size_t smbios_len;

    uint64_t *numa_fw_cfg;

    int i, j;

    register_ioport_write(0x400, 1, 2, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x401, 1, 2, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x402, 1, 1, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x403, 1, 1, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x8900, 1, 1, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x501, 1, 2, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x502, 1, 2, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x500, 1, 1, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x503, 1, 1, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    fw_cfg = fw_cfg_init(BIOS_CFG_IOPORT, BIOS_CFG_IOPORT + 1, 0, 0);

    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_ID, 1);

    fw_cfg_add_i64(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_RAM_SIZE, (uint64_t)ram_size);

    fw_cfg_add_bytes(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_ACPI_TABLES, (uint8_t *)acpi_tables,

                     acpi_tables_len);

    fw_cfg_add_bytes(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_IRQ0_OVERRIDE, &irq0override, 1);

    smbios_table = smbios_get_table(&smbios_len);

    if (smbios_table)

        fw_cfg_add_bytes(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_SMBIOS_ENTRIES,

                         smbios_table, smbios_len);

    /* allocate memory for the NUMA channel: one (64bit) word for the number

     * of nodes, one word for each VCPU->node and one word for each node to

     * hold the amount of memory.

     */

    numa_fw_cfg = qemu_mallocz((1 + smp_cpus + nb_numa_nodes) * 8);

    numa_fw_cfg[0] = cpu_to_le64(nb_numa_nodes);

    for (i = 0; i < smp_cpus; i++) {

        for (j = 0; j < nb_numa_nodes; j++) {

            if (node_cpumask[j] & (1 << i)) {

                numa_fw_cfg[i + 1] = cpu_to_le64(j);

                break;

            }

        }

    }

    for (i = 0; i < nb_numa_nodes; i++) {

        numa_fw_cfg[smp_cpus + 1 + i] = cpu_to_le64(node_mem[i]);

    }

    fw_cfg_add_bytes(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_NUMA, (uint8_t *)numa_fw_cfg,

                     (1 + smp_cpus + nb_numa_nodes) * 8);

    return fw_cfg;

}

/* Generate an initial boot sector which sets state and jump to

   a specified vector */

static void generate_bootsect(uint32_t gpr[8], uint16_t segs[6], uint16_t ip)

{

    uint8_t rom[512], *p, *reloc;

    uint8_t sum;

    int i;

    memset(rom, 0, sizeof(rom));

    p = rom;

    /* Make sure we have an option rom signature */

    *p++ = 0x55;

    *p++ = 0xaa;

    /* ROM size in sectors*/

    *p++ = 1;

    /* Hook int19 */

    *p++ = 0x50;                /* push ax */

    *p++ = 0x1e;                /* push ds */

    *p++ = 0x31; *p++ = 0xc0;        /* xor ax, ax */

    *p++ = 0x8e; *p++ = 0xd8;        /* mov ax, ds */

    *p++ = 0xc7; *p++ = 0x06;   /* movvw _start,0x64 */

    *p++ = 0x64; *p++ = 0x00;

    reloc = p;

    *p++ = 0x00; *p++ = 0x00;

    *p++ = 0x8c; *p++ = 0x0e;   /* mov cs,0x66 */

    *p++ = 0x66; *p++ = 0x00;

    *p++ = 0x1f;                /* pop ds */

    *p++ = 0x58;                /* pop ax */

    *p++ = 0xcb;                /* lret */

    /* Actual code */

    *reloc = (p - rom);

    *p++ = 0xfa;                /* CLI */

    *p++ = 0xfc;                /* CLD */

    for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {

        if (i == 1)                /* Skip CS */

            continue;

        *p++ = 0xb8;                /* MOV AX,imm16 */

        *p++ = segs[i];

        *p++ = segs[i] >> 8;

        *p++ = 0x8e;                /* MOV <seg>,AX */

        *p++ = 0xc0 + (i << 3);

    }

    for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {

        *p++ = 0x66;                /* 32-bit operand size */

        *p++ = 0xb8 + i;        /* MOV <reg>,imm32 */

        *p++ = gpr[i];

        *p++ = gpr[i] >> 8;

        *p++ = gpr[i] >> 16;

        *p++ = gpr[i] >> 24;

    }

    *p++ = 0xea;                /* JMP FAR */

    *p++ = ip;                        /* IP */

    *p++ = ip >> 8;

    *p++ = segs[1];                /* CS */

    *p++ = segs[1] >> 8;

    /* sign rom */

    sum = 0;

    for (i = 0; i < (sizeof(rom) - 1); i++)

        sum += rom[i];

    rom[sizeof(rom) - 1] = -sum;

    rom_add_blob("linux-bootsect", rom, sizeof(rom),

                 PC_ROM_MIN_OPTION, PC_ROM_MAX, PC_ROM_ALIGN);

}

static long get_file_size(FILE *f)

{

    long where, size;

    /* XXX: on Unix systems, using fstat() probably makes more sense */

    where = ftell(f);

    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);

    size = ftell(f);

    fseek(f, where, SEEK_SET);

    return size;

}

#define MULTIBOOT_STRUCT_ADDR 0x9000

#if MULTIBOOT_STRUCT_ADDR > 0xf0000

#error multiboot struct needs to fit in 16 bit real mode

#endif

static int load_multiboot(void *fw_cfg,

                          FILE *f,

                          const char *kernel_filename,

                          const char *initrd_filename,

                          const char *kernel_cmdline,

                          uint8_t *header)

{

    int i, is_multiboot = 0;

    uint32_t flags = 0;

    uint32_t mh_entry_addr;

    uint32_t mh_load_addr;

    uint32_t mb_kernel_size;

    uint32_t mmap_addr = MULTIBOOT_STRUCT_ADDR;

    uint32_t mb_bootinfo = MULTIBOOT_STRUCT_ADDR + 0x500;

    uint32_t mb_mod_end;

    uint8_t bootinfo[0x500];

    uint32_t cmdline = 0x200;

    /* Ok, let's see if it is a multiboot image.

       The header is 12x32bit long, so the latest entry may be 8192 - 48. */

    for (i = 0; i < (8192 - 48); i += 4) {

        if (ldl_p(header+i) == 0x1BADB002) {

            uint32_t checksum = ldl_p(header+i+8);

            flags = ldl_p(header+i+4);

            checksum += flags;

            checksum += (uint32_t)0x1BADB002;

            if (!checksum) {

                is_multiboot = 1;

                break;

            }

        }

    }

    if (!is_multiboot)

        return 0; /* no multiboot */

#ifdef DEBUG_MULTIBOOT

    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: I believe we found a multiboot image!\n");

#endif

    memset(bootinfo, 0, sizeof(bootinfo));

    if (flags & 0x00000004) { /* MULTIBOOT_HEADER_HAS_VBE */

        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: multiboot knows VBE. we don't.\n");

    }

    if (!(flags & 0x00010000)) { /* MULTIBOOT_HEADER_HAS_ADDR */

        uint64_t elf_entry;

        int kernel_size;

        fclose(f);

        kernel_size = load_elf(kernel_filename, 0, &elf_entry, NULL, NULL,

                               0, ELF_MACHINE, 0);

        if (kernel_size < 0) {

            fprintf(stderr, "Error while loading elf kernel\n");

            exit(1);

        }

        mh_load_addr = mh_entry_addr = elf_entry;

        mb_kernel_size = kernel_size;

#ifdef DEBUG_MULTIBOOT

        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: loading multiboot-elf kernel (%#x bytes) with entry %#zx\n",

                mb_kernel_size, (size_t)mh_entry_addr);

#endif

    } else {

        /* Valid if mh_flags sets MULTIBOOT_HEADER_HAS_ADDR. */

        uint32_t mh_header_addr = ldl_p(header+i+12);

        mh_load_addr = ldl_p(header+i+16);

#ifdef DEBUG_MULTIBOOT

        uint32_t mh_load_end_addr = ldl_p(header+i+20);

        uint32_t mh_bss_end_addr = ldl_p(header+i+24);

#endif

        uint32_t mb_kernel_text_offset = i - (mh_header_addr - mh_load_addr);

        uint8_t *kernel;

        mh_entry_addr = ldl_p(header+i+28);

        mb_kernel_size = get_file_size(f) - mb_kernel_text_offset;

        /* Valid if mh_flags sets MULTIBOOT_HEADER_HAS_VBE.

        uint32_t mh_mode_type = ldl_p(header+i+32);

        uint32_t mh_width = ldl_p(header+i+36);

        uint32_t mh_height = ldl_p(header+i+40);

        uint32_t mh_depth = ldl_p(header+i+44); */

#ifdef DEBUG_MULTIBOOT

        fprintf(stderr, "multiboot: mh_header_addr = %#x\n", mh_header_addr);

        fprintf(stderr, "multiboot: mh_load_addr = %#x\n", mh_load_addr);

        fprintf(stderr, "multiboot: mh_load_end_addr = %#x\n", mh_load_end_addr);

        fprintf(stderr, "multiboot: mh_bss_end_addr = %#x\n", mh_bss_end_addr);

        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: loading multiboot kernel (%#x bytes) at %#x\n",

                mb_kernel_size, mh_load_addr);

#endif

        kernel = qemu_malloc(mb_kernel_size);

        fseek(f, mb_kernel_text_offset, SEEK_SET);

        fread(kernel, 1, mb_kernel_size, f);

        rom_add_blob_fixed(kernel_filename, kernel, mb_kernel_size,

                           mh_load_addr);

        qemu_free(kernel);

        fclose(f);

    }

    /* blob size is only the kernel for now */

    mb_mod_end = mh_load_addr + mb_kernel_size;

    /* load modules */

    stl_p(bootinfo + 20, 0x0); /* mods_count */

    if (initrd_filename) {

        uint32_t mb_mod_info = 0x100;

        uint32_t mb_mod_cmdline = 0x300;

        uint32_t mb_mod_start = mh_load_addr;

        uint32_t mb_mod_length = mb_kernel_size;

        char *next_initrd;

        char *next_space;

        int mb_mod_count = 0;

        do {

            next_initrd = strchr(initrd_filename, ',');

            if (next_initrd)

                *next_initrd = '\0';

            /* if a space comes after the module filename, treat everything

               after that as parameters */

            pstrcpy((char*)bootinfo + mb_mod_cmdline,

                    sizeof(bootinfo) - mb_mod_cmdline,

                    initrd_filename);

            stl_p(bootinfo + mb_mod_info + 8, mb_mod_cmdline); /* string */

            mb_mod_cmdline += strlen(initrd_filename) + 1;

            if (mb_mod_cmdline > sizeof(bootinfo))

                mb_mod_cmdline = sizeof(bootinfo);

            if ((next_space = strchr(initrd_filename, ' ')))

                *next_space = '\0';

#ifdef DEBUG_MULTIBOOT

            printf("multiboot loading module: %s\n", initrd_filename);

#endif

            mb_mod_start = (mb_mod_start + mb_mod_length + (TARGET_PAGE_SIZE - 1))

                         & (TARGET_PAGE_MASK);

            mb_mod_length = get_image_size(initrd_filename);

            if (mb_mod_length < 0) {

                fprintf(stderr, "failed to get %s image size\n", initrd_filename);

                exit(1);

            }

            mb_mod_end = mb_mod_start + mb_mod_length;

            rom_add_file_fixed(initrd_filename, mb_mod_start);

            mb_mod_count++;

            stl_p(bootinfo + mb_mod_info + 0, mb_mod_start);

            stl_p(bootinfo + mb_mod_info + 4, mb_mod_start + mb_mod_length);

            stl_p(bootinfo + mb_mod_info + 12, 0x0); /* reserved */

#ifdef DEBUG_MULTIBOOT

            printf("mod_start: %#x\nmod_end:   %#x\n", mb_mod_start,

                   mb_mod_start + mb_mod_length);

#endif

            initrd_filename = next_initrd+1;

            mb_mod_info += 16;

        } while (next_initrd);

        stl_p(bootinfo + 20, mb_mod_count); /* mods_count */

        stl_p(bootinfo + 24, mb_bootinfo + 0x100); /* mods_addr */

    }

    /* Commandline support */

    stl_p(bootinfo + 16, mb_bootinfo + cmdline);

    snprintf((char*)bootinfo + cmdline, 0x100, "%s %s",

             kernel_filename, kernel_cmdline);

    /* the kernel is where we want it to be now */

#define MULTIBOOT_FLAGS_MEMORY (1 << 0)

#define MULTIBOOT_FLAGS_BOOT_DEVICE (1 << 1)

#define MULTIBOOT_FLAGS_CMDLINE (1 << 2)

#define MULTIBOOT_FLAGS_MODULES (1 << 3)

#define MULTIBOOT_FLAGS_MMAP (1 << 6)

    stl_p(bootinfo, MULTIBOOT_FLAGS_MEMORY

                  | MULTIBOOT_FLAGS_BOOT_DEVICE

                  | MULTIBOOT_FLAGS_CMDLINE

                  | MULTIBOOT_FLAGS_MODULES

                  | MULTIBOOT_FLAGS_MMAP);

    stl_p(bootinfo + 4, 640); /* mem_lower */

    stl_p(bootinfo + 8, ram_size / 1024); /* mem_upper */

    stl_p(bootinfo + 12, 0x8001ffff); /* XXX: use the -boot switch? */

    stl_p(bootinfo + 48, mmap_addr); /* mmap_addr */

#ifdef DEBUG_MULTIBOOT

    fprintf(stderr, "multiboot: mh_entry_addr = %#x\n", mh_entry_addr);

#endif

    /* Pass variables to option rom */

    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_KERNEL_ADDR, mh_entry_addr);

    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_INITRD_ADDR, mb_bootinfo);

    fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_INITRD_SIZE, mmap_addr);

    rom_add_blob_fixed("multiboot-info", bootinfo, sizeof(bootinfo),

                       mb_bootinfo);

    option_rom[nb_option_roms] = "multiboot.bin";

    nb_option_roms++;

    return 1; /* yes, we are multiboot */

}

static void load_linux(void *fw_cfg,

                       const char *kernel_filename,

                       const char *initrd_filename,

                       const char *kernel_cmdline,

                       target_phys_addr_t max_ram_size)

{

    uint16_t protocol;

    uint32_t gpr[8];

    uint16_t seg[6];

    uint16_t real_seg;

    int setup_size, kernel_size, initrd_size = 0, cmdline_size;

    uint32_t initrd_max;

    uint8_t header[8192], *setup, *kernel;

    target_phys_addr_t real_addr, prot_addr, cmdline_addr, initrd_addr = 0;

    FILE *f;

    char *vmode;

    /* Align to 16 bytes as a paranoia measure */

    cmdline_size = (strlen(kernel_cmdline)+16) & ~15;

    /* load the kernel header */

    f = fopen(kernel_filename, "rb");

    if (!f || !(kernel_size = get_file_size(f)) ||

        fread(header, 1, MIN(ARRAY_SIZE(header), kernel_size), f) !=

        MIN(ARRAY_SIZE(header), kernel_size)) {

        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not load kernel '%s': %s\n",

                kernel_filename, strerror(errno));

        exit(1);

    }

    /* kernel protocol version */

#if 0

    fprintf(stderr, "header magic: %#x\n", ldl_p(header+0x202));

#endif

    if (ldl_p(header+0x202) == 0x53726448)

        protocol = lduw_p(header+0x206);

    else {

        /* This looks like a multiboot kernel. If it is, let's stop

           treating it like a Linux kernel. */

        if (load_multiboot(fw_cfg, f, kernel_filename,

                           initrd_filename, kernel_cmdline, header))

            return;

        protocol = 0;

    }

    if (protocol < 0x200 || !(header[0x211] & 0x01)) {

        /* Low kernel */

        real_addr    = 0x90000;

        cmdline_addr = 0x9a000 - cmdline_size;

        prot_addr    = 0x10000;

    } else if (protocol < 0x202) {

        /* High but ancient kernel */

        real_addr    = 0x90000;

        cmdline_addr = 0x9a000 - cmdline_size;

        prot_addr    = 0x100000;

    } else {

        /* High and recent kernel */

        real_addr    = 0x10000;

        cmdline_addr = 0x20000;

        prot_addr    = 0x100000;

    }

#if 0

    fprintf(stderr,

            "qemu: real_addr     = 0x" TARGET_FMT_plx "\n"

            "qemu: cmdline_addr  = 0x" TARGET_FMT_plx "\n"

            "qemu: prot_addr     = 0x" TARGET_FMT_plx "\n",

            real_addr,

            cmdline_addr,

            prot_addr);

#endif

    /* highest address for loading the initrd */

    if (protocol >= 0x203)

        initrd_max = ldl_p(header+0x22c);

    else

        initrd_max = 0x37ffffff;

    if (initrd_max >= max_ram_size-ACPI_DATA_SIZE)

            initrd_max = max_ram_size-ACPI_DATA_SIZE-1;

    /* kernel command line */

    rom_add_blob_fixed("cmdline", kernel_cmdline,

                       strlen(kernel_cmdline)+1, cmdline_addr);

    if (protocol >= 0x202) {

        stl_p(header+0x228, cmdline_addr);

    } else {

        stw_p(header+0x20, 0xA33F);

        stw_p(header+0x22, cmdline_addr-real_addr);

    }

    /* handle vga= parameter */

    vmode = strstr(kernel_cmdline, "vga=");

    if (vmode) {

        unsigned int video_mode;

        /* skip "vga=" */

        vmode += 4;

        if (!strncmp(vmode, "normal", 6)) {

            video_mode = 0xffff;

        } else if (!strncmp(vmode, "ext", 3)) {

            video_mode = 0xfffe;

        } else if (!strncmp(vmode, "ask", 3)) {

            video_mode = 0xfffd;

        } else {

            video_mode = strtol(vmode, NULL, 0);

        }

        stw_p(header+0x1fa, video_mode);

    }

    /* loader type */

    /* High nybble = B reserved for Qemu; low nybble is revision number.

       If this code is substantially changed, you may want to consider

       incrementing the revision. */

    if (protocol >= 0x200)

        header[0x210] = 0xB0;

    /* heap */

    if (protocol >= 0x201) {

        header[0x211] |= 0x80;        /* CAN_USE_HEAP */

        stw_p(header+0x224, cmdline_addr-real_addr-0x200);

    }

    /* load initrd */

    if (initrd_filename) {

        if (protocol < 0x200) {

            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: linux kernel too old to load a ram disk\n");

            exit(1);

        }

        initrd_size = get_image_size(initrd_filename);

        initrd_addr = (initrd_max-initrd_size) & ~4095;

        rom_add_file_fixed(initrd_filename, initrd_addr);

        stl_p(header+0x218, initrd_addr);

        stl_p(header+0x21c, initrd_size);

    }

    /* load kernel and setup */

    setup_size = header[0x1f1];

    if (setup_size == 0)

        setup_size = 4;

    setup_size = (setup_size+1)*512;

    kernel_size -= setup_size;

    setup  = qemu_malloc(setup_size);

    kernel = qemu_malloc(kernel_size);

    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);

    fread(setup, 1, setup_size, f);

    fread(kernel, 1, kernel_size, f);

    fclose(f);

    memcpy(setup, header, MIN(sizeof(header), setup_size));

    rom_add_blob_fixed("linux-setup", setup,

                       setup_size, real_addr);

    rom_add_blob_fixed(kernel_filename, kernel,

                       kernel_size, prot_addr);

    qemu_free(setup);

    qemu_free(kernel);

    /* generate bootsector to set up the initial register state */

    real_seg = real_addr >> 4;

    seg[0] = seg[2] = seg[3] = seg[4] = seg[4] = real_seg;

    seg[1] = real_seg+0x20;        /* CS */

    memset(gpr, 0, sizeof gpr);

    gpr[4] = cmdline_addr-real_addr-16;        /* SP (-16 is paranoia) */

    generate_bootsect(gpr, seg, 0);

}

static const int ide_iobase[2] = { 0x1f0, 0x170 };

static const int ide_iobase2[2] = { 0x3f6, 0x376 };

static const int ide_irq[2] = { 14, 15 };

#define NE2000_NB_MAX 6

static const int ne2000_io[NE2000_NB_MAX] = { 0x300, 0x320, 0x340, 0x360,

                                              0x280, 0x380 };

static const int ne2000_irq[NE2000_NB_MAX] = { 9, 10, 11, 3, 4, 5 };

static const int parallel_io[MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS] = { 0x378, 0x278, 0x3bc };

static const int parallel_irq[MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS] = { 7, 7, 7 };

#ifdef HAS_AUDIO

static void audio_init (PCIBus *pci_bus, qemu_irq *pic)

{

    struct soundhw *c;

    for (c = soundhw; c->name; ++c) {

        if (c->enabled) {

            if (c->isa) {

                c->init.init_isa(pic);

            } else {

                if (pci_bus) {

                    c->init.init_pci(pci_bus);

                }

            }

        }

    }

}

#endif

static void pc_init_ne2k_isa(NICInfo *nd)

{

    static int nb_ne2k = 0;

    if (nb_ne2k == NE2000_NB_MAX)

        return;

    isa_ne2000_init(ne2000_io[nb_ne2k],

                    ne2000_irq[nb_ne2k], nd);

    nb_ne2k++;

}

int cpu_is_bsp(CPUState *env)

{

    return env->cpuid_apic_id == 0;

}

static CPUState *pc_new_cpu(const char *cpu_model)

{

    CPUState *env;

    env = cpu_init(cpu_model);

    if (!env) {

        fprintf(stderr, "Unable to find x86 CPU definition\n");

        exit(1);

    }

    if ((env->cpuid_features & CPUID_APIC) || smp_cpus > 1) {

        env->cpuid_apic_id = env->cpu_index;

        /* APIC reset callback resets cpu */

        apic_init(env);

    } else {

        qemu_register_reset((QEMUResetHandler*)cpu_reset, env);

    }

    return env;

}

/* PC hardware initialisation */

static void pc_init1(ram_addr_t ram_size,

                     const char *boot_device,

                     const char *kernel_filename,

                     const char *kernel_cmdline,

                     const char *initrd_filename,

                     const char *cpu_model,

                     int pci_enabled)

{

    char *filename;

    int ret, linux_boot, i;

    ram_addr_t ram_addr, bios_offset, option_rom_offset;

    ram_addr_t below_4g_mem_size, above_4g_mem_size = 0;

    int bios_size, isa_bios_size;

    PCIBus *pci_bus;

    ISADevice *isa_dev;

    int piix3_devfn = -1;

    CPUState *env;

    qemu_irq *cpu_irq;

    qemu_irq *isa_irq;

    qemu_irq *i8259;

    IsaIrqState *isa_irq_state;

    DriveInfo *hd[MAX_IDE_BUS * MAX_IDE_DEVS];

    DriveInfo *fd[MAX_FD];

    int using_vga = cirrus_vga_enabled || std_vga_enabled || vmsvga_enabled;

    void *fw_cfg;

    if (ram_size >= 0xe0000000 ) {

        above_4g_mem_size = ram_size - 0xe0000000;

        below_4g_mem_size = 0xe0000000;

    } else {

        below_4g_mem_size = ram_size;

    }

    linux_boot = (kernel_filename != NULL);

    /* init CPUs */

    if (cpu_model == NULL) {

#ifdef TARGET_X86_64

        cpu_model = "qemu64";

#else

        cpu_model = "qemu32";

#endif

    }

    for (i = 0; i < smp_cpus; i++) {

        env = pc_new_cpu(cpu_model);

    }

    vmport_init();

    /* allocate RAM */

    ram_addr = qemu_ram_alloc(0xa0000);

    cpu_register_physical_memory(0, 0xa0000, ram_addr);

    /* Allocate, even though we won't register, so we don't break the

     * phys_ram_base + PA assumption. This range includes vga (0xa0000 - 0xc0000),

     * and some bios areas, which will be registered later

     */

    ram_addr = qemu_ram_alloc(0x100000 - 0xa0000);

    ram_addr = qemu_ram_alloc(below_4g_mem_size - 0x100000);

    cpu_register_physical_memory(0x100000,

                 below_4g_mem_size - 0x100000,

                 ram_addr);

    /* above 4giga memory allocation */

    if (above_4g_mem_size > 0) {

#if TARGET_PHYS_ADDR_BITS == 32

        hw_error("To much RAM for 32-bit physical address");

#else

        ram_addr = qemu_ram_alloc(above_4g_mem_size);

        cpu_register_physical_memory(0x100000000ULL,

                                     above_4g_mem_size,

                                     ram_addr);

#endif

    }

    /* BIOS load */

    if (bios_name == NULL)

        bios_name = BIOS_FILENAME;

    filename = qemu_find_file(QEMU_FILE_TYPE_BIOS, bios_name);

    if (filename) {

        bios_size = get_image_size(filename);

    } else {

        bios_size = -1;

    }

    if (bios_size <= 0 ||

        (bios_size % 65536) != 0) {

        goto bios_error;

    }

    bios_offset = qemu_ram_alloc(bios_size);

    ret = load_image(filename, qemu_get_ram_ptr(bios_offset));

    if (ret != bios_size) {

    bios_error:

        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not load PC BIOS '%s'\n", bios_name);

        exit(1);

    }

    if (filename) {

        qemu_free(filename);

    }

    /* map the last 128KB of the BIOS in ISA space */

    isa_bios_size = bios_size;

    if (isa_bios_size > (128 * 1024))

        isa_bios_size = 128 * 1024;

    cpu_register_physical_memory(0x100000 - isa_bios_size,

                                 isa_bios_size,

                                 (bios_offset + bios_size - isa_bios_size) | IO_MEM_ROM);

    option_rom_offset = qemu_ram_alloc(PC_ROM_SIZE);

    cpu_register_physical_memory(PC_ROM_MIN_VGA, PC_ROM_SIZE, option_rom_offset);

    if (using_vga) {

        /* VGA BIOS load */

        if (cirrus_vga_enabled) {

            rom_add_vga(VGABIOS_CIRRUS_FILENAME);

        } else {

            rom_add_vga(VGABIOS_FILENAME);

        }

    }

    /* map all the bios at the top of memory */

    cpu_register_physical_memory((uint32_t)(-bios_size),

                                 bios_size, bios_offset | IO_MEM_ROM);

    fw_cfg = bochs_bios_init();

    if (linux_boot) {

        load_linux(fw_cfg, kernel_filename, initrd_filename, kernel_cmdline, below_4g_mem_size);

    }

    for (i = 0; i < nb_option_roms; i++) {

        rom_add_option(option_rom[i]);

    }

    for (i = 0; i < nb_nics; i++) {

        char nic_oprom[1024];

        const char *model = nd_table[i].model;

        if (!nd_table[i].bootable)

            continue;

        if (model == NULL)

            model = "e1000";

        snprintf(nic_oprom, sizeof(nic_oprom), "pxe-%s.bin", model);

        rom_add_option(nic_oprom);

    }

    cpu_irq = qemu_allocate_irqs(pic_irq_request, NULL, 1);

    i8259 = i8259_init(cpu_irq[0]);

    isa_irq_state = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(*isa_irq_state));

    isa_irq_state->i8259 = i8259;

    isa_irq = qemu_allocate_irqs(isa_irq_handler, isa_irq_state, 24);

    if (pci_enabled) {

        pci_bus = i440fx_init(&i440fx_state, &piix3_devfn, isa_irq);

    } else {

        pci_bus = NULL;

        isa_bus_new(NULL);

    }

    isa_bus_irqs(isa_irq);

    ferr_irq = isa_reserve_irq(13);

    /* init basic PC hardware */

    register_ioport_write(0x80, 1, 1, ioport80_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0xf0, 1, 1, ioportF0_write, NULL);

    if (cirrus_vga_enabled) {

        if (pci_enabled) {

            pci_cirrus_vga_init(pci_bus);

        } else {

            isa_cirrus_vga_init();

        }

    } else if (vmsvga_enabled) {

        if (pci_enabled)

            pci_vmsvga_init(pci_bus);

        else

            fprintf(stderr, "%s: vmware_vga: no PCI bus\n", __FUNCTION__);

    } else if (std_vga_enabled) {

        if (pci_enabled) {

            pci_vga_init(pci_bus, 0, 0);

        } else {

            isa_vga_init();

        }

    }

    rtc_state = rtc_init(2000);

    qemu_register_boot_set(pc_boot_set, rtc_state);

    register_ioport_read(0x92, 1, 1, ioport92_read, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x92, 1, 1, ioport92_write, NULL);

    if (pci_enabled) {

        isa_irq_state->ioapic = ioapic_init();

    }

    pit = pit_init(0x40, isa_reserve_irq(0));

    pcspk_init(pit);

    if (!no_hpet) {

        hpet_init(isa_irq);

    }

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_SERIAL_PORTS; i++) {

        if (serial_hds[i]) {

            serial_isa_init(i, serial_hds[i]);

        }

    }

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS; i++) {

        if (parallel_hds[i]) {

            parallel_init(i, parallel_hds[i]);

        }

    }

    for(i = 0; i < nb_nics; i++) {

        NICInfo *nd = &nd_table[i];

        if (!pci_enabled || (nd->model && strcmp(nd->model, "ne2k_isa") == 0))

            pc_init_ne2k_isa(nd);

        else

            pci_nic_init_nofail(nd, "e1000", NULL);

    }

    if (drive_get_max_bus(IF_IDE) >= MAX_IDE_BUS) {

        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: too many IDE bus\n");

        exit(1);

    }

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_IDE_BUS * MAX_IDE_DEVS; i++) {

        hd[i] = drive_get(IF_IDE, i / MAX_IDE_DEVS, i % MAX_IDE_DEVS);

    }

    if (pci_enabled) {

        pci_piix3_ide_init(pci_bus, hd, piix3_devfn + 1);

    } else {

        for(i = 0; i < MAX_IDE_BUS; i++) {

            isa_ide_init(ide_iobase[i], ide_iobase2[i], ide_irq[i],

                         hd[MAX_IDE_DEVS * i], hd[MAX_IDE_DEVS * i + 1]);

        }

    }

    isa_dev = isa_create_simple("i8042");

    DMA_init(0);

#ifdef HAS_AUDIO

    audio_init(pci_enabled ? pci_bus : NULL, isa_irq);

#endif

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_FD; i++) {

        fd[i] = drive_get(IF_FLOPPY, 0, i);

    }

    floppy_controller = fdctrl_init_isa(fd);

    cmos_init(below_4g_mem_size, above_4g_mem_size, boot_device, hd);

    if (pci_enabled && usb_enabled) {

        usb_uhci_piix3_init(pci_bus, piix3_devfn + 2);

    }

    if (pci_enabled && acpi_enabled) {

        uint8_t *eeprom_buf = qemu_mallocz(8 * 256); /* XXX: make this persistent */

        i2c_bus *smbus;

        /* TODO: Populate SPD eeprom data.  */

        smbus = piix4_pm_init(pci_bus, piix3_devfn + 3, 0xb100,

                              isa_reserve_irq(9));

        for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {

            DeviceState *eeprom;

            eeprom = qdev_create((BusState *)smbus, "smbus-eeprom");

            qdev_prop_set_uint8(eeprom, "address", 0x50 + i);

            qdev_prop_set_ptr(eeprom, "data", eeprom_buf + (i * 256));