Archipelago » qemu

/*

 * QEMU System Emulator

 *

 * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard

 *

 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy

 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights

 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell

 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is

 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

 *

 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in

 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

 *

 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR

 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,

 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL

 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER

 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,

 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN

 * THE SOFTWARE.

 */

#include <unistd.h>

#include <fcntl.h>

#include <signal.h>

#include <time.h>

#include <errno.h>

#include <sys/time.h>

#include <zlib.h>

/* Needed early for CONFIG_BSD etc. */

#include "config-host.h"

#ifndef _WIN32

#include <libgen.h>

#include <sys/times.h>

#include <sys/wait.h>

#include <termios.h>

#include <sys/mman.h>

#include <sys/ioctl.h>

#include <sys/resource.h>

#include <sys/socket.h>

#include <netinet/in.h>

#include <net/if.h>

#include <arpa/inet.h>

#include <dirent.h>

#include <netdb.h>

#include <sys/select.h>

#ifdef CONFIG_BSD

#include <sys/stat.h>

#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__) || defined(__DragonFly__)

#include <libutil.h>

#include <sys/sysctl.h>

#else

#include <util.h>

#endif

#else

#ifdef __linux__

#include <pty.h>

#include <malloc.h>

#include <linux/ppdev.h>

#include <linux/parport.h>

#endif

#ifdef __sun__

#include <sys/stat.h>

#include <sys/ethernet.h>

#include <sys/sockio.h>

#include <netinet/arp.h>

#include <netinet/in_systm.h>

#include <netinet/ip.h>

#include <netinet/ip_icmp.h> // must come after ip.h

#include <netinet/udp.h>

#include <netinet/tcp.h>

#include <net/if.h>

#include <syslog.h>

#include <stropts.h>

#endif

#endif

#endif

#if defined(__OpenBSD__)

#include <util.h>

#endif

#if defined(CONFIG_VDE)

#include <libvdeplug.h>

#endif

#ifdef _WIN32

#include <windows.h>

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_SDL

#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(main)

#include <SDL.h>

int qemu_main(int argc, char **argv, char **envp);

int main(int argc, char **argv)

{

    return qemu_main(argc, argv, NULL);

}

#undef main

#define main qemu_main

#endif

#endif /* CONFIG_SDL */

#ifdef CONFIG_COCOA

#undef main

#define main qemu_main

#endif /* CONFIG_COCOA */

#include "hw/hw.h"

#include "hw/boards.h"

#include "hw/usb.h"

#include "hw/pcmcia.h"

#include "hw/pc.h"

#include "hw/isa.h"

#include "hw/baum.h"

#include "hw/bt.h"

#include "hw/watchdog.h"

#include "hw/smbios.h"

#include "hw/xen.h"

#include "hw/qdev.h"

#include "hw/loader.h"

#include "bt-host.h"

#include "net.h"

#include "net/slirp.h"

#include "monitor.h"

#include "console.h"

#include "sysemu.h"

#include "gdbstub.h"

#include "qemu-timer.h"

#include "qemu-char.h"

#include "cache-utils.h"

#include "block.h"

#include "blockdev.h"

#include "block-migration.h"

#include "dma.h"

#include "audio/audio.h"

#include "migration.h"

#include "kvm.h"

#include "qemu-option.h"

#include "qemu-config.h"

#include "qemu-objects.h"

#include "qemu-options.h"

#ifdef CONFIG_VIRTFS

#include "fsdev/qemu-fsdev.h"

#endif

#include "disas.h"

#include "qemu_socket.h"

#include "slirp/libslirp.h"

#include "trace.h"

#include "simpletrace.h"

#include "qemu-queue.h"

#include "cpus.h"

#include "arch_init.h"

#include "ui/qemu-spice.h"

//#define DEBUG_NET

//#define DEBUG_SLIRP

#define DEFAULT_RAM_SIZE 128

#define MAX_VIRTIO_CONSOLES 1

static const char *data_dir;

const char *bios_name = NULL;

enum vga_retrace_method vga_retrace_method = VGA_RETRACE_DUMB;

DisplayType display_type = DT_DEFAULT;

int display_remote = 0;

const char* keyboard_layout = NULL;

ram_addr_t ram_size;

const char *mem_path = NULL;

#ifdef MAP_POPULATE

int mem_prealloc = 0; /* force preallocation of physical target memory */

#endif

int nb_nics;

NICInfo nd_table[MAX_NICS];

int vm_running;

int autostart;

int incoming_expected; /* Started with -incoming and waiting for incoming */

static int rtc_utc = 1;

static int rtc_date_offset = -1; /* -1 means no change */

QEMUClock *rtc_clock;

int vga_interface_type = VGA_NONE;

static int full_screen = 0;

#ifdef CONFIG_SDL

static int no_frame = 0;

#endif

int no_quit = 0;

CharDriverState *serial_hds[MAX_SERIAL_PORTS];

CharDriverState *parallel_hds[MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS];

CharDriverState *virtcon_hds[MAX_VIRTIO_CONSOLES];

int win2k_install_hack = 0;

int rtc_td_hack = 0;

int usb_enabled = 0;

int singlestep = 0;

int smp_cpus = 1;

int max_cpus = 0;

int smp_cores = 1;

int smp_threads = 1;

#ifdef CONFIG_VNC

const char *vnc_display;

#endif

int acpi_enabled = 1;

int no_hpet = 0;

int fd_bootchk = 1;

int no_reboot = 0;

int no_shutdown = 0;

int cursor_hide = 1;

int graphic_rotate = 0;

uint8_t irq0override = 1;

const char *watchdog;

QEMUOptionRom option_rom[MAX_OPTION_ROMS];

int nb_option_roms;

int semihosting_enabled = 0;

int old_param = 0;

const char *qemu_name;

int alt_grab = 0;

int ctrl_grab = 0;

unsigned int nb_prom_envs = 0;

const char *prom_envs[MAX_PROM_ENVS];

int boot_menu;

typedef struct FWBootEntry FWBootEntry;

struct FWBootEntry {

    QTAILQ_ENTRY(FWBootEntry) link;

    int32_t bootindex;

    DeviceState *dev;

    char *suffix;

};

QTAILQ_HEAD(, FWBootEntry) fw_boot_order = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(fw_boot_order);

int nb_numa_nodes;

uint64_t node_mem[MAX_NODES];

uint64_t node_cpumask[MAX_NODES];

static QEMUTimer *nographic_timer;

uint8_t qemu_uuid[16];

static QEMUBootSetHandler *boot_set_handler;

static void *boot_set_opaque;

static NotifierList exit_notifiers =

    NOTIFIER_LIST_INITIALIZER(exit_notifiers);

static NotifierList machine_init_done_notifiers =

    NOTIFIER_LIST_INITIALIZER(machine_init_done_notifiers);

static int tcg_allowed = 1;

int kvm_allowed = 0;

int xen_allowed = 0;

uint32_t xen_domid;

enum xen_mode xen_mode = XEN_EMULATE;

static int default_serial = 1;

static int default_parallel = 1;

static int default_virtcon = 1;

static int default_monitor = 1;

static int default_vga = 1;

static int default_floppy = 1;

static int default_cdrom = 1;

static int default_sdcard = 1;

static struct {

    const char *driver;

    int *flag;

} default_list[] = {

    { .driver = "isa-serial",           .flag = &default_serial    },

    { .driver = "isa-parallel",         .flag = &default_parallel  },

    { .driver = "isa-fdc",              .flag = &default_floppy    },

    { .driver = "ide-cd",               .flag = &default_cdrom     },

    { .driver = "ide-hd",               .flag = &default_cdrom     },

    { .driver = "ide-drive",            .flag = &default_cdrom     },

    { .driver = "scsi-cd",              .flag = &default_cdrom     },

    { .driver = "virtio-serial-pci",    .flag = &default_virtcon   },

    { .driver = "virtio-serial-s390",   .flag = &default_virtcon   },

    { .driver = "virtio-serial",        .flag = &default_virtcon   },

    { .driver = "VGA",                  .flag = &default_vga       },

    { .driver = "cirrus-vga",           .flag = &default_vga       },

    { .driver = "vmware-svga",          .flag = &default_vga       },

};

static int default_driver_check(QemuOpts *opts, void *opaque)

{

    const char *driver = qemu_opt_get(opts, "driver");

    int i;

    if (!driver)

        return 0;

    for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(default_list); i++) {

        if (strcmp(default_list[i].driver, driver) != 0)

            continue;

        *(default_list[i].flag) = 0;

    }

    return 0;

}

/***********************************************************/

/* real time host monotonic timer */

/***********************************************************/

/* host time/date access */

void qemu_get_timedate(struct tm *tm, int offset)

{

    time_t ti;

    struct tm *ret;

    time(&ti);

    ti += offset;

    if (rtc_date_offset == -1) {

        if (rtc_utc)

            ret = gmtime(&ti);

        else

            ret = localtime(&ti);

    } else {

        ti -= rtc_date_offset;

        ret = gmtime(&ti);

    }

    memcpy(tm, ret, sizeof(struct tm));

}

int qemu_timedate_diff(struct tm *tm)

{

    time_t seconds;

    if (rtc_date_offset == -1)

        if (rtc_utc)

            seconds = mktimegm(tm);

        else

            seconds = mktime(tm);

    else

        seconds = mktimegm(tm) + rtc_date_offset;

    return seconds - time(NULL);

}

void rtc_change_mon_event(struct tm *tm)

{

    QObject *data;

    data = qobject_from_jsonf("{ 'offset': %d }", qemu_timedate_diff(tm));

    monitor_protocol_event(QEVENT_RTC_CHANGE, data);

    qobject_decref(data);

}

static void configure_rtc_date_offset(const char *startdate, int legacy)

{

    time_t rtc_start_date;

    struct tm tm;

    if (!strcmp(startdate, "now") && legacy) {

        rtc_date_offset = -1;

    } else {

        if (sscanf(startdate, "%d-%d-%dT%d:%d:%d",

                   &tm.tm_year,

                   &tm.tm_mon,

                   &tm.tm_mday,

                   &tm.tm_hour,

                   &tm.tm_min,

                   &tm.tm_sec) == 6) {

            /* OK */

        } else if (sscanf(startdate, "%d-%d-%d",

                          &tm.tm_year,

                          &tm.tm_mon,

                          &tm.tm_mday) == 3) {

            tm.tm_hour = 0;

            tm.tm_min = 0;

            tm.tm_sec = 0;

        } else {

            goto date_fail;

        }

        tm.tm_year -= 1900;

        tm.tm_mon--;

        rtc_start_date = mktimegm(&tm);

        if (rtc_start_date == -1) {

        date_fail:

            fprintf(stderr, "Invalid date format. Valid formats are:\n"

                            "'2006-06-17T16:01:21' or '2006-06-17'\n");

            exit(1);

        }

        rtc_date_offset = time(NULL) - rtc_start_date;

    }

}

static void configure_rtc(QemuOpts *opts)

{

    const char *value;

    value = qemu_opt_get(opts, "base");

    if (value) {

        if (!strcmp(value, "utc")) {

            rtc_utc = 1;

        } else if (!strcmp(value, "localtime")) {

            rtc_utc = 0;

        } else {

            configure_rtc_date_offset(value, 0);

        }

    }

    value = qemu_opt_get(opts, "clock");

    if (value) {

        if (!strcmp(value, "host")) {

            rtc_clock = host_clock;

        } else if (!strcmp(value, "vm")) {

            rtc_clock = vm_clock;

        } else {

            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: invalid option value '%s'\n", value);

            exit(1);

        }

    }

    value = qemu_opt_get(opts, "driftfix");

    if (value) {

        if (!strcmp(value, "slew")) {

            rtc_td_hack = 1;

        } else if (!strcmp(value, "none")) {

            rtc_td_hack = 0;

        } else {

            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: invalid option value '%s'\n", value);

            exit(1);

        }

    }

}

/***********************************************************/

/* Bluetooth support */

static int nb_hcis;

static int cur_hci;

static struct HCIInfo *hci_table[MAX_NICS];

static struct bt_vlan_s {

    struct bt_scatternet_s net;

    int id;

    struct bt_vlan_s *next;

} *first_bt_vlan;

/* find or alloc a new bluetooth "VLAN" */

static struct bt_scatternet_s *qemu_find_bt_vlan(int id)

{

    struct bt_vlan_s **pvlan, *vlan;

    for (vlan = first_bt_vlan; vlan != NULL; vlan = vlan->next) {

        if (vlan->id == id)

            return &vlan->net;

    }

    vlan = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(struct bt_vlan_s));

    vlan->id = id;

    pvlan = &first_bt_vlan;

    while (*pvlan != NULL)

        pvlan = &(*pvlan)->next;

    *pvlan = vlan;

    return &vlan->net;

}

static void null_hci_send(struct HCIInfo *hci, const uint8_t *data, int len)

{

}

static int null_hci_addr_set(struct HCIInfo *hci, const uint8_t *bd_addr)

{

    return -ENOTSUP;

}

static struct HCIInfo null_hci = {

    .cmd_send = null_hci_send,

    .sco_send = null_hci_send,

    .acl_send = null_hci_send,

    .bdaddr_set = null_hci_addr_set,

};

struct HCIInfo *qemu_next_hci(void)

{

    if (cur_hci == nb_hcis)

        return &null_hci;

    return hci_table[cur_hci++];

}

static struct HCIInfo *hci_init(const char *str)

{

    char *endp;

    struct bt_scatternet_s *vlan = 0;

    if (!strcmp(str, "null"))

        /* null */

        return &null_hci;

    else if (!strncmp(str, "host", 4) && (str[4] == '\0' || str[4] == ':'))

        /* host[:hciN] */

        return bt_host_hci(str[4] ? str + 5 : "hci0");

    else if (!strncmp(str, "hci", 3)) {

        /* hci[,vlan=n] */

        if (str[3]) {

            if (!strncmp(str + 3, ",vlan=", 6)) {

                vlan = qemu_find_bt_vlan(strtol(str + 9, &endp, 0));

                if (*endp)

                    vlan = 0;

            }

        } else

            vlan = qemu_find_bt_vlan(0);

        if (vlan)

           return bt_new_hci(vlan);

    }

    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: Unknown bluetooth HCI `%s'.\n", str);

    return 0;

}

static int bt_hci_parse(const char *str)

{

    struct HCIInfo *hci;

    bdaddr_t bdaddr;

    if (nb_hcis >= MAX_NICS) {

        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: Too many bluetooth HCIs (max %i).\n", MAX_NICS);

        return -1;

    }

    hci = hci_init(str);

    if (!hci)

        return -1;

    bdaddr.b[0] = 0x52;

    bdaddr.b[1] = 0x54;

    bdaddr.b[2] = 0x00;

    bdaddr.b[3] = 0x12;

    bdaddr.b[4] = 0x34;

    bdaddr.b[5] = 0x56 + nb_hcis;

    hci->bdaddr_set(hci, bdaddr.b);

    hci_table[nb_hcis++] = hci;

    return 0;

}

static void bt_vhci_add(int vlan_id)

{

    struct bt_scatternet_s *vlan = qemu_find_bt_vlan(vlan_id);

    if (!vlan->slave)

        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: warning: adding a VHCI to "

                        "an empty scatternet %i\n", vlan_id);

    bt_vhci_init(bt_new_hci(vlan));

}

static struct bt_device_s *bt_device_add(const char *opt)

{

    struct bt_scatternet_s *vlan;

    int vlan_id = 0;

    char *endp = strstr(opt, ",vlan=");

    int len = (endp ? endp - opt : strlen(opt)) + 1;

    char devname[10];

    pstrcpy(devname, MIN(sizeof(devname), len), opt);

    if (endp) {

        vlan_id = strtol(endp + 6, &endp, 0);

        if (*endp) {

            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: unrecognised bluetooth vlan Id\n");

            return 0;

        }

    }

    vlan = qemu_find_bt_vlan(vlan_id);

    if (!vlan->slave)

        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: warning: adding a slave device to "

                        "an empty scatternet %i\n", vlan_id);

    if (!strcmp(devname, "keyboard"))

        return bt_keyboard_init(vlan);

    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: unsupported bluetooth device `%s'\n", devname);

    return 0;

}

static int bt_parse(const char *opt)

{

    const char *endp, *p;

    int vlan;

    if (strstart(opt, "hci", &endp)) {

        if (!*endp || *endp == ',') {

            if (*endp)

                if (!strstart(endp, ",vlan=", 0))

                    opt = endp + 1;

            return bt_hci_parse(opt);

       }

    } else if (strstart(opt, "vhci", &endp)) {

        if (!*endp || *endp == ',') {

            if (*endp) {

                if (strstart(endp, ",vlan=", &p)) {

                    vlan = strtol(p, (char **) &endp, 0);

                    if (*endp) {

                        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: bad scatternet '%s'\n", p);

                        return 1;

                    }

                } else {

                    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: bad parameter '%s'\n", endp + 1);

                    return 1;

                }

            } else

                vlan = 0;

            bt_vhci_add(vlan);

            return 0;

        }

    } else if (strstart(opt, "device:", &endp))

        return !bt_device_add(endp);

    fprintf(stderr, "qemu: bad bluetooth parameter '%s'\n", opt);

    return 1;

}

/***********************************************************/

/* QEMU Block devices */

#define HD_OPTS "media=disk"

#define CDROM_OPTS "media=cdrom"

#define FD_OPTS ""

#define PFLASH_OPTS ""

#define MTD_OPTS ""

#define SD_OPTS ""

static int drive_init_func(QemuOpts *opts, void *opaque)

{

    int *use_scsi = opaque;

    return drive_init(opts, *use_scsi) == NULL;

}

static int drive_enable_snapshot(QemuOpts *opts, void *opaque)

{

    if (NULL == qemu_opt_get(opts, "snapshot")) {

        qemu_opt_set(opts, "snapshot", "on");

    }

    return 0;

}

static void default_drive(int enable, int snapshot, int use_scsi,

                          BlockInterfaceType type, int index,

                          const char *optstr)

{

    QemuOpts *opts;

    if (type == IF_DEFAULT) {

        type = use_scsi ? IF_SCSI : IF_IDE;

    }

    if (!enable || drive_get_by_index(type, index)) {

        return;

    }

    opts = drive_add(type, index, NULL, optstr);

    if (snapshot) {

        drive_enable_snapshot(opts, NULL);

    }

    if (!drive_init(opts, use_scsi)) {

        exit(1);

    }

}

void qemu_register_boot_set(QEMUBootSetHandler *func, void *opaque)

{

    boot_set_handler = func;

    boot_set_opaque = opaque;

}

int qemu_boot_set(const char *boot_devices)

{

    if (!boot_set_handler) {

        return -EINVAL;

    }

    return boot_set_handler(boot_set_opaque, boot_devices);

}

static void validate_bootdevices(char *devices)

{

    /* We just do some generic consistency checks */

    const char *p;

    int bitmap = 0;

    for (p = devices; *p != '\0'; p++) {

        /* Allowed boot devices are:

         * a-b: floppy disk drives

         * c-f: IDE disk drives

         * g-m: machine implementation dependant drives

         * n-p: network devices

         * It's up to each machine implementation to check if the given boot

         * devices match the actual hardware implementation and firmware

         * features.

         */

        if (*p < 'a' || *p > 'p') {

            fprintf(stderr, "Invalid boot device '%c'\n", *p);

            exit(1);

        }

        if (bitmap & (1 << (*p - 'a'))) {

            fprintf(stderr, "Boot device '%c' was given twice\n", *p);

            exit(1);

        }

        bitmap |= 1 << (*p - 'a');

    }

}

static void restore_boot_devices(void *opaque)

{

    char *standard_boot_devices = opaque;

    static int first = 1;

    /* Restore boot order and remove ourselves after the first boot */

    if (first) {

        first = 0;

        return;

    }

    qemu_boot_set(standard_boot_devices);

    qemu_unregister_reset(restore_boot_devices, standard_boot_devices);

    qemu_free(standard_boot_devices);

}

void add_boot_device_path(int32_t bootindex, DeviceState *dev,

                          const char *suffix)

{

    FWBootEntry *node, *i;

    if (bootindex < 0) {

        return;

    }

    assert(dev != NULL || suffix != NULL);

    node = qemu_mallocz(sizeof(FWBootEntry));

    node->bootindex = bootindex;

    node->suffix = suffix ? qemu_strdup(suffix) : NULL;

    node->dev = dev;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(i, &fw_boot_order, link) {

        if (i->bootindex == bootindex) {

            fprintf(stderr, "Two devices with same boot index %d\n", bootindex);

            exit(1);

        } else if (i->bootindex < bootindex) {

            continue;

        }

        QTAILQ_INSERT_BEFORE(i, node, link);

        return;

    }

    QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&fw_boot_order, node, link);

}

/*

 * This function returns null terminated string that consist of new line

 * separated device paths.

 *

 * memory pointed by "size" is assigned total length of the array in bytes

 *

 */

char *get_boot_devices_list(uint32_t *size)

{

    FWBootEntry *i;

    uint32_t total = 0;

    char *list = NULL;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(i, &fw_boot_order, link) {

        char *devpath = NULL, *bootpath;

        int len;

        if (i->dev) {

            devpath = qdev_get_fw_dev_path(i->dev);

            assert(devpath);

        }

        if (i->suffix && devpath) {

            size_t bootpathlen = strlen(devpath) + strlen(i->suffix) + 1;

            bootpath = qemu_malloc(bootpathlen);

            snprintf(bootpath, bootpathlen, "%s%s", devpath, i->suffix);

            qemu_free(devpath);

        } else if (devpath) {

            bootpath = devpath;

        } else {

            bootpath = qemu_strdup(i->suffix);

            assert(bootpath);

        }

        if (total) {

            list[total-1] = '\n';

        }

        len = strlen(bootpath) + 1;

        list = qemu_realloc(list, total + len);

        memcpy(&list[total], bootpath, len);

        total += len;

        qemu_free(bootpath);

    }

    *size = total;

    return list;

}

static void numa_add(const char *optarg)

{

    char option[128];

    char *endptr;

    unsigned long long value, endvalue;

    int nodenr;

    optarg = get_opt_name(option, 128, optarg, ',') + 1;

    if (!strcmp(option, "node")) {

        if (get_param_value(option, 128, "nodeid", optarg) == 0) {

            nodenr = nb_numa_nodes;

        } else {

            nodenr = strtoull(option, NULL, 10);

        }

        if (get_param_value(option, 128, "mem", optarg) == 0) {

            node_mem[nodenr] = 0;

        } else {

            int64_t sval;

            sval = strtosz(option, NULL);

            if (sval < 0) {

                fprintf(stderr, "qemu: invalid numa mem size: %s\n", optarg);

                exit(1);

            }

            node_mem[nodenr] = sval;

        }

        if (get_param_value(option, 128, "cpus", optarg) == 0) {

            node_cpumask[nodenr] = 0;

        } else {

            value = strtoull(option, &endptr, 10);

            if (value >= 64) {

                value = 63;

                fprintf(stderr, "only 64 CPUs in NUMA mode supported.\n");

            } else {

                if (*endptr == '-') {

                    endvalue = strtoull(endptr+1, &endptr, 10);

                    if (endvalue >= 63) {