Archipelago » qemu

/*

 * QEMU PC System Emulator

 * 

 * Copyright (c) 2003-2004 Fabrice Bellard

 * 

 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy

 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights

 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell

 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is

 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

 *

 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in

 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

 *

 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR

 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,

 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL

 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER

 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,

 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN

 * THE SOFTWARE.

 */

#include "vl.h"

/* output Bochs bios info messages */

//#define DEBUG_BIOS

#define BIOS_FILENAME "bios.bin"

#define VGABIOS_FILENAME "vgabios.bin"

#define VGABIOS_CIRRUS_FILENAME "vgabios-cirrus.bin"

/* Leave a chunk of memory at the top of RAM for the BIOS ACPI tables.  */

#define ACPI_DATA_SIZE       0x10000

static fdctrl_t *floppy_controller;

static RTCState *rtc_state;

static PITState *pit;

static IOAPICState *ioapic;

static PCIDevice *i440fx_state;

static void ioport80_write(void *opaque, uint32_t addr, uint32_t data)

{

}

/* MSDOS compatibility mode FPU exception support */

static qemu_irq ferr_irq;

/* XXX: add IGNNE support */

void cpu_set_ferr(CPUX86State *s)

{

    qemu_irq_raise(ferr_irq);

}

static void ioportF0_write(void *opaque, uint32_t addr, uint32_t data)

{

    qemu_irq_lower(ferr_irq);

}

/* TSC handling */

uint64_t cpu_get_tsc(CPUX86State *env)

{

    /* Note: when using kqemu, it is more logical to return the host TSC

       because kqemu does not trap the RDTSC instruction for

       performance reasons */

#if USE_KQEMU

    if (env->kqemu_enabled) {

        return cpu_get_real_ticks();

    } else 

#endif

    {

        return cpu_get_ticks();

    }

}

/* SMM support */

void cpu_smm_update(CPUState *env)

{

    if (i440fx_state && env == first_cpu)

        i440fx_set_smm(i440fx_state, (env->hflags >> HF_SMM_SHIFT) & 1);

}

/* IRQ handling */

int cpu_get_pic_interrupt(CPUState *env)

{

    int intno;

    intno = apic_get_interrupt(env);

    if (intno >= 0) {

        /* set irq request if a PIC irq is still pending */

        /* XXX: improve that */

        pic_update_irq(isa_pic); 

        return intno;

    }

    /* read the irq from the PIC */

    intno = pic_read_irq(isa_pic);

    return intno;

}

static void pic_irq_request(void *opaque, int irq, int level)

{

    CPUState *env = opaque;

    if (level)

        cpu_interrupt(env, CPU_INTERRUPT_HARD);

    else

        cpu_reset_interrupt(env, CPU_INTERRUPT_HARD);

}

/* PC cmos mappings */

#define REG_EQUIPMENT_BYTE          0x14

static int cmos_get_fd_drive_type(int fd0)

{

    int val;

    switch (fd0) {

    case 0:

        /* 1.44 Mb 3"5 drive */

        val = 4;

        break;

    case 1:

        /* 2.88 Mb 3"5 drive */

        val = 5;

        break;

    case 2:

        /* 1.2 Mb 5"5 drive */

        val = 2;

        break;

    default:

        val = 0;

        break;

    }

    return val;

}

static void cmos_init_hd(int type_ofs, int info_ofs, BlockDriverState *hd) 

{

    RTCState *s = rtc_state;

    int cylinders, heads, sectors;

    bdrv_get_geometry_hint(hd, &cylinders, &heads, &sectors);

    rtc_set_memory(s, type_ofs, 47);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs, cylinders);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 1, cylinders >> 8);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 2, heads);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 3, 0xff);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 4, 0xff);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 5, 0xc0 | ((heads > 8) << 3));

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 6, cylinders);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 7, cylinders >> 8);

    rtc_set_memory(s, info_ofs + 8, sectors);

}

/* hd_table must contain 4 block drivers */

static void cmos_init(int ram_size, int boot_device, BlockDriverState **hd_table)

{

    RTCState *s = rtc_state;

    int val;

    int fd0, fd1, nb;

    int i;

    /* various important CMOS locations needed by PC/Bochs bios */

    /* memory size */

    val = 640; /* base memory in K */

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x15, val);

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x16, val >> 8);

    val = (ram_size / 1024) - 1024;

    if (val > 65535)

        val = 65535;

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x17, val);

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x18, val >> 8);

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x30, val);

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x31, val >> 8);

    if (ram_size > (16 * 1024 * 1024))

        val = (ram_size / 65536) - ((16 * 1024 * 1024) / 65536);

    else

        val = 0;

    if (val > 65535)

        val = 65535;

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x34, val);

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x35, val >> 8);

    switch(boot_device) {

    case 'a':

    case 'b':

        rtc_set_memory(s, 0x3d, 0x01); /* floppy boot */

        if (!fd_bootchk)

            rtc_set_memory(s, 0x38, 0x01); /* disable signature check */

        break;

    default:

    case 'c':

        rtc_set_memory(s, 0x3d, 0x02); /* hard drive boot */

        break;

    case 'd':

        rtc_set_memory(s, 0x3d, 0x03); /* CD-ROM boot */

        break;

    }

    /* floppy type */

    fd0 = fdctrl_get_drive_type(floppy_controller, 0);

    fd1 = fdctrl_get_drive_type(floppy_controller, 1);

    val = (cmos_get_fd_drive_type(fd0) << 4) | cmos_get_fd_drive_type(fd1);

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x10, val);

    val = 0;

    nb = 0;

    if (fd0 < 3)

        nb++;

    if (fd1 < 3)

        nb++;

    switch (nb) {

    case 0:

        break;

    case 1:

        val |= 0x01; /* 1 drive, ready for boot */

        break;

    case 2:

        val |= 0x41; /* 2 drives, ready for boot */

        break;

    }

    val |= 0x02; /* FPU is there */

    val |= 0x04; /* PS/2 mouse installed */

    rtc_set_memory(s, REG_EQUIPMENT_BYTE, val);

    /* hard drives */

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x12, (hd_table[0] ? 0xf0 : 0) | (hd_table[1] ? 0x0f : 0));

    if (hd_table[0])

        cmos_init_hd(0x19, 0x1b, hd_table[0]);

    if (hd_table[1]) 

        cmos_init_hd(0x1a, 0x24, hd_table[1]);

    val = 0;

    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {

        if (hd_table[i]) {

            int cylinders, heads, sectors, translation;

            /* NOTE: bdrv_get_geometry_hint() returns the physical

                geometry.  It is always such that: 1 <= sects <= 63, 1

                <= heads <= 16, 1 <= cylinders <= 16383. The BIOS

                geometry can be different if a translation is done. */

            translation = bdrv_get_translation_hint(hd_table[i]);

            if (translation == BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_AUTO) {

                bdrv_get_geometry_hint(hd_table[i], &cylinders, &heads, &sectors);

                if (cylinders <= 1024 && heads <= 16 && sectors <= 63) {

                    /* No translation. */

                    translation = 0;

                } else {

                    /* LBA translation. */

                    translation = 1;

                }

            } else {

                translation--;

            }

            val |= translation << (i * 2);

        }

    }

    rtc_set_memory(s, 0x39, val);

}

void ioport_set_a20(int enable)

{

    /* XXX: send to all CPUs ? */

    cpu_x86_set_a20(first_cpu, enable);

}

int ioport_get_a20(void)

{

    return ((first_cpu->a20_mask >> 20) & 1);

}

static void ioport92_write(void *opaque, uint32_t addr, uint32_t val)

{

    ioport_set_a20((val >> 1) & 1);

    /* XXX: bit 0 is fast reset */

}

static uint32_t ioport92_read(void *opaque, uint32_t addr)

{

    return ioport_get_a20() << 1;

}

/***********************************************************/

/* Bochs BIOS debug ports */

void bochs_bios_write(void *opaque, uint32_t addr, uint32_t val)

{

    static const char shutdown_str[8] = "Shutdown";

    static int shutdown_index = 0;

    switch(addr) {

        /* Bochs BIOS messages */

    case 0x400:

    case 0x401:

        fprintf(stderr, "BIOS panic at rombios.c, line %d\n", val);

        exit(1);

    case 0x402:

    case 0x403:

#ifdef DEBUG_BIOS

        fprintf(stderr, "%c", val);

#endif

        break;

    case 0x8900:

        /* same as Bochs power off */

        if (val == shutdown_str[shutdown_index]) {

            shutdown_index++;

            if (shutdown_index == 8) {

                shutdown_index = 0;

                qemu_system_shutdown_request();

            }

        } else {

            shutdown_index = 0;

        }

        break;

        /* LGPL'ed VGA BIOS messages */

    case 0x501:

    case 0x502:

        fprintf(stderr, "VGA BIOS panic, line %d\n", val);

        exit(1);

    case 0x500:

    case 0x503:

#ifdef DEBUG_BIOS

        fprintf(stderr, "%c", val);

#endif

        break;

    }

}

void bochs_bios_init(void)

{

    register_ioport_write(0x400, 1, 2, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x401, 1, 2, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x402, 1, 1, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x403, 1, 1, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x8900, 1, 1, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x501, 1, 2, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x502, 1, 2, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x500, 1, 1, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x503, 1, 1, bochs_bios_write, NULL);

}

/* Generate an initial boot sector which sets state and jump to

   a specified vector */

static void generate_bootsect(uint32_t gpr[8], uint16_t segs[6], uint16_t ip)

{

    uint8_t bootsect[512], *p;

    int i;

    if (bs_table[0] == NULL) {

        fprintf(stderr, "A disk image must be given for 'hda' when booting "

                "a Linux kernel\n");

        exit(1);

    }

    memset(bootsect, 0, sizeof(bootsect));

    /* Copy the MSDOS partition table if possible */

    bdrv_read(bs_table[0], 0, bootsect, 1);

    /* Make sure we have a partition signature */

    bootsect[510] = 0x55;

    bootsect[511] = 0xaa;

    /* Actual code */

    p = bootsect;

    *p++ = 0xfa;                /* CLI */

    *p++ = 0xfc;                /* CLD */

    for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {

        if (i == 1)                /* Skip CS */

            continue;

        *p++ = 0xb8;                /* MOV AX,imm16 */

        *p++ = segs[i];

        *p++ = segs[i] >> 8;

        *p++ = 0x8e;                /* MOV <seg>,AX */

        *p++ = 0xc0 + (i << 3);

    }

    for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {

        *p++ = 0x66;                /* 32-bit operand size */

        *p++ = 0xb8 + i;        /* MOV <reg>,imm32 */

        *p++ = gpr[i];

        *p++ = gpr[i] >> 8;

        *p++ = gpr[i] >> 16;

        *p++ = gpr[i] >> 24;

    }

    *p++ = 0xea;                /* JMP FAR */

    *p++ = ip;                        /* IP */

    *p++ = ip >> 8;

    *p++ = segs[1];                /* CS */

    *p++ = segs[1] >> 8;

    bdrv_set_boot_sector(bs_table[0], bootsect, sizeof(bootsect));

}

int load_kernel(const char *filename, uint8_t *addr, 

                uint8_t *real_addr)

{

    int fd, size;

    int setup_sects;

    fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY);

    if (fd < 0)

        return -1;

    /* load 16 bit code */

    if (read(fd, real_addr, 512) != 512)

        goto fail;

    setup_sects = real_addr[0x1F1];

    if (!setup_sects)

        setup_sects = 4;

    if (read(fd, real_addr + 512, setup_sects * 512) != 

        setup_sects * 512)

        goto fail;

    /* load 32 bit code */

    size = read(fd, addr, 16 * 1024 * 1024);

    if (size < 0)

        goto fail;

    close(fd);

    return size;

 fail:

    close(fd);

    return -1;

}

static long get_file_size(FILE *f)

{

    long where, size;

    /* XXX: on Unix systems, using fstat() probably makes more sense */

    where = ftell(f);

    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);

    size = ftell(f);

    fseek(f, where, SEEK_SET);

    return size;

}

static void load_linux(const char *kernel_filename,

                       const char *initrd_filename,

                       const char *kernel_cmdline)

{

    uint16_t protocol;

    uint32_t gpr[8];

    uint16_t seg[6];

    uint16_t real_seg;

    int setup_size, kernel_size, initrd_size, cmdline_size;

    uint32_t initrd_max;

    uint8_t header[1024];

    uint8_t *real_addr, *prot_addr, *cmdline_addr, *initrd_addr;

    FILE *f, *fi;

    /* Align to 16 bytes as a paranoia measure */

    cmdline_size = (strlen(kernel_cmdline)+16) & ~15;

    /* load the kernel header */

    f = fopen(kernel_filename, "rb");

    if (!f || !(kernel_size = get_file_size(f)) ||

        fread(header, 1, 1024, f) != 1024) {

        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not load kernel '%s'\n",

                kernel_filename);

        exit(1);

    }

    /* kernel protocol version */

    fprintf(stderr, "header magic: %#x\n", ldl_p(header+0x202));

    if (ldl_p(header+0x202) == 0x53726448)

        protocol = lduw_p(header+0x206);

    else

        protocol = 0;

    if (protocol < 0x200 || !(header[0x211] & 0x01)) {

        /* Low kernel */

        real_addr    = phys_ram_base + 0x90000;

        cmdline_addr = phys_ram_base + 0x9a000 - cmdline_size;

        prot_addr    = phys_ram_base + 0x10000;

    } else if (protocol < 0x202) {

        /* High but ancient kernel */

        real_addr    = phys_ram_base + 0x90000;

        cmdline_addr = phys_ram_base + 0x9a000 - cmdline_size;

        prot_addr    = phys_ram_base + 0x100000;

    } else {

        /* High and recent kernel */

        real_addr    = phys_ram_base + 0x10000;

        cmdline_addr = phys_ram_base + 0x20000;

        prot_addr    = phys_ram_base + 0x100000;

    }

    fprintf(stderr,

            "qemu: real_addr     = %#zx\n"

            "qemu: cmdline_addr  = %#zx\n"

            "qemu: prot_addr     = %#zx\n",

            real_addr-phys_ram_base,

            cmdline_addr-phys_ram_base,

            prot_addr-phys_ram_base);

    /* highest address for loading the initrd */

    if (protocol >= 0x203)

        initrd_max = ldl_p(header+0x22c);

    else

        initrd_max = 0x37ffffff;

    if (initrd_max >= ram_size-ACPI_DATA_SIZE)

        initrd_max = ram_size-ACPI_DATA_SIZE-1;

    /* kernel command line */

    pstrcpy(cmdline_addr, 4096, kernel_cmdline);

    if (protocol >= 0x202) {

        stl_p(header+0x228, cmdline_addr-phys_ram_base);

    } else {

        stw_p(header+0x20, 0xA33F);

        stw_p(header+0x22, cmdline_addr-real_addr);

    }

    /* loader type */

    /* High nybble = B reserved for Qemu; low nybble is revision number.

       If this code is substantially changed, you may want to consider

       incrementing the revision. */

    if (protocol >= 0x200)

        header[0x210] = 0xB0;

    /* heap */

    if (protocol >= 0x201) {

        header[0x211] |= 0x80;        /* CAN_USE_HEAP */

        stw_p(header+0x224, cmdline_addr-real_addr-0x200);

    }

    /* load initrd */

    if (initrd_filename) {

        if (protocol < 0x200) {

            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: linux kernel too old to load a ram disk\n");

            exit(1);

        }

        fi = fopen(initrd_filename, "rb");

        if (!fi) {

            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not load initial ram disk '%s'\n",

                    initrd_filename);

            exit(1);

        }

        initrd_size = get_file_size(fi);

        initrd_addr = phys_ram_base + ((initrd_max-initrd_size) & ~4095);

        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: loading initrd (%#x bytes) at %#zx\n",

                initrd_size, initrd_addr-phys_ram_base);

        if (fread(initrd_addr, 1, initrd_size, fi) != initrd_size) {

            fprintf(stderr, "qemu: read error on initial ram disk '%s'\n",

                    initrd_filename);

            exit(1);

        }

        fclose(fi);

        stl_p(header+0x218, initrd_addr-phys_ram_base);

        stl_p(header+0x21c, initrd_size);

    }

    /* store the finalized header and load the rest of the kernel */

    memcpy(real_addr, header, 1024);

    setup_size = header[0x1f1];

    if (setup_size == 0)

        setup_size = 4;

    setup_size = (setup_size+1)*512;

    kernel_size -= setup_size;        /* Size of protected-mode code */

    if (fread(real_addr+1024, 1, setup_size-1024, f) != setup_size-1024 ||

        fread(prot_addr, 1, kernel_size, f) != kernel_size) {

        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: read error on kernel '%s'\n",

                kernel_filename);

        exit(1);

    }

    fclose(f);

    /* generate bootsector to set up the initial register state */

    real_seg = (real_addr-phys_ram_base) >> 4;

    seg[0] = seg[2] = seg[3] = seg[4] = seg[4] = real_seg;

    seg[1] = real_seg+0x20;        /* CS */

    memset(gpr, 0, sizeof gpr);

    gpr[4] = cmdline_addr-real_addr-16;        /* SP (-16 is paranoia) */

    generate_bootsect(gpr, seg, 0);

}

static void main_cpu_reset(void *opaque)

{

    CPUState *env = opaque;

    cpu_reset(env);

}

static const int ide_iobase[2] = { 0x1f0, 0x170 };

static const int ide_iobase2[2] = { 0x3f6, 0x376 };

static const int ide_irq[2] = { 14, 15 };

#define NE2000_NB_MAX 6

static int ne2000_io[NE2000_NB_MAX] = { 0x300, 0x320, 0x340, 0x360, 0x280, 0x380 };

static int ne2000_irq[NE2000_NB_MAX] = { 9, 10, 11, 3, 4, 5 };

static int serial_io[MAX_SERIAL_PORTS] = { 0x3f8, 0x2f8, 0x3e8, 0x2e8 };

static int serial_irq[MAX_SERIAL_PORTS] = { 4, 3, 4, 3 };

static int parallel_io[MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS] = { 0x378, 0x278, 0x3bc };

static int parallel_irq[MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS] = { 7, 7, 7 };

#ifdef HAS_AUDIO

static void audio_init (PCIBus *pci_bus, qemu_irq *pic)

{

    struct soundhw *c;

    int audio_enabled = 0;

    for (c = soundhw; !audio_enabled && c->name; ++c) {

        audio_enabled = c->enabled;

    }

    if (audio_enabled) {

        AudioState *s;

        s = AUD_init ();

        if (s) {

            for (c = soundhw; c->name; ++c) {

                if (c->enabled) {

                    if (c->isa) {

                        c->init.init_isa (s, pic);

                    }

                    else {

                        if (pci_bus) {

                            c->init.init_pci (pci_bus, s);

                        }

                    }

                }

            }

        }

    }

}

#endif

static void pc_init_ne2k_isa(NICInfo *nd, qemu_irq *pic)

{

    static int nb_ne2k = 0;

    if (nb_ne2k == NE2000_NB_MAX)

        return;

    isa_ne2000_init(ne2000_io[nb_ne2k], pic[ne2000_irq[nb_ne2k]], nd);

    nb_ne2k++;

}

/* PC hardware initialisation */

static void pc_init1(int ram_size, int vga_ram_size, int boot_device,

                     DisplayState *ds, const char **fd_filename, int snapshot,

                     const char *kernel_filename, const char *kernel_cmdline,

                     const char *initrd_filename,

                     int pci_enabled)

{

    char buf[1024];

    int ret, linux_boot, i;

    ram_addr_t ram_addr, vga_ram_addr, bios_offset, vga_bios_offset;

    int bios_size, isa_bios_size, vga_bios_size;

    PCIBus *pci_bus;

    int piix3_devfn = -1;

    CPUState *env;

    NICInfo *nd;

    qemu_irq *cpu_irq;

    qemu_irq *i8259;

    linux_boot = (kernel_filename != NULL);

    /* init CPUs */

    for(i = 0; i < smp_cpus; i++) {

        env = cpu_init();

        if (i != 0)

            env->hflags |= HF_HALTED_MASK;

        if (smp_cpus > 1) {

            /* XXX: enable it in all cases */

            env->cpuid_features |= CPUID_APIC;

        }

        register_savevm("cpu", i, 4, cpu_save, cpu_load, env);

        qemu_register_reset(main_cpu_reset, env);

        if (pci_enabled) {

            apic_init(env);

        }

    }

    /* allocate RAM */

    ram_addr = qemu_ram_alloc(ram_size);

    cpu_register_physical_memory(0, ram_size, ram_addr);

    /* allocate VGA RAM */

    vga_ram_addr = qemu_ram_alloc(vga_ram_size);

    /* BIOS load */

    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s/%s", bios_dir, BIOS_FILENAME);

    bios_size = get_image_size(buf);

    if (bios_size <= 0 || 

        (bios_size % 65536) != 0) {

        goto bios_error;

    }

    bios_offset = qemu_ram_alloc(bios_size);

    ret = load_image(buf, phys_ram_base + bios_offset);

    if (ret != bios_size) {

    bios_error:

        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not load PC BIOS '%s'\n", buf);

        exit(1);

    }

    /* VGA BIOS load */

    if (cirrus_vga_enabled) {

        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s/%s", bios_dir, VGABIOS_CIRRUS_FILENAME);

    } else {

        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s/%s", bios_dir, VGABIOS_FILENAME);

    }

    vga_bios_size = get_image_size(buf);

    if (vga_bios_size <= 0 || vga_bios_size > 65536) 

        goto vga_bios_error;

    vga_bios_offset = qemu_ram_alloc(65536);

    ret = load_image(buf, phys_ram_base + vga_bios_offset);

    if (ret != vga_bios_size) {

    vga_bios_error:

        fprintf(stderr, "qemu: could not load VGA BIOS '%s'\n", buf);

        exit(1);

    }

    /* setup basic memory access */

    cpu_register_physical_memory(0xc0000, 0x10000, 

                                 vga_bios_offset | IO_MEM_ROM);

    /* map the last 128KB of the BIOS in ISA space */

    isa_bios_size = bios_size;

    if (isa_bios_size > (128 * 1024))

        isa_bios_size = 128 * 1024;

    cpu_register_physical_memory(0xd0000, (192 * 1024) - isa_bios_size, 

                                 IO_MEM_UNASSIGNED);

    cpu_register_physical_memory(0x100000 - isa_bios_size, 

                                 isa_bios_size, 

                                 (bios_offset + bios_size - isa_bios_size) | IO_MEM_ROM);

    {

        ram_addr_t option_rom_offset;

        int size, offset;

        offset = 0;

        for (i = 0; i < nb_option_roms; i++) {

            size = get_image_size(option_rom[i]);

            if (size < 0) {

                fprintf(stderr, "Could not load option rom '%s'\n", 

                        option_rom[i]);

                exit(1);

            }

            if (size > (0x10000 - offset))

                goto option_rom_error;

            option_rom_offset = qemu_ram_alloc(size);

            ret = load_image(option_rom[i], phys_ram_base + option_rom_offset);

            if (ret != size) {

            option_rom_error:

                fprintf(stderr, "Too many option ROMS\n");

                exit(1);

            }

            size = (size + 4095) & ~4095;

            cpu_register_physical_memory(0xd0000 + offset,

                                         size, option_rom_offset | IO_MEM_ROM);

            offset += size;

        }

    }

    /* map all the bios at the top of memory */

    cpu_register_physical_memory((uint32_t)(-bios_size), 

                                 bios_size, bios_offset | IO_MEM_ROM);

    bochs_bios_init();

    if (linux_boot)

        load_linux(kernel_filename, initrd_filename, kernel_cmdline);

    cpu_irq = qemu_allocate_irqs(pic_irq_request, first_cpu, 1);

    i8259 = i8259_init(cpu_irq[0]);

    ferr_irq = i8259[13];

    if (pci_enabled) {

        pci_bus = i440fx_init(&i440fx_state, i8259);

        piix3_devfn = piix3_init(pci_bus, -1);

    } else {

        pci_bus = NULL;

    }

    /* init basic PC hardware */

    register_ioport_write(0x80, 1, 1, ioport80_write, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0xf0, 1, 1, ioportF0_write, NULL);

    if (cirrus_vga_enabled) {

        if (pci_enabled) {

            pci_cirrus_vga_init(pci_bus, 

                                ds, phys_ram_base + vga_ram_addr, 

                                vga_ram_addr, vga_ram_size);

        } else {

            isa_cirrus_vga_init(ds, phys_ram_base + vga_ram_addr, 

                                vga_ram_addr, vga_ram_size);

        }

    } else if (vmsvga_enabled) {

        if (pci_enabled)

            pci_vmsvga_init(pci_bus, ds, phys_ram_base + ram_size,

                            ram_size, vga_ram_size);

        else

            fprintf(stderr, "%s: vmware_vga: no PCI bus\n", __FUNCTION__);

    } else {

        if (pci_enabled) {

            pci_vga_init(pci_bus, ds, phys_ram_base + vga_ram_addr, 

                         vga_ram_addr, vga_ram_size, 0, 0);

        } else {

            isa_vga_init(ds, phys_ram_base + vga_ram_addr, 

                         vga_ram_addr, vga_ram_size);

        }

    }

    rtc_state = rtc_init(0x70, i8259[8]);

    register_ioport_read(0x92, 1, 1, ioport92_read, NULL);

    register_ioport_write(0x92, 1, 1, ioport92_write, NULL);

    if (pci_enabled) {

        ioapic = ioapic_init();

    }

    pit = pit_init(0x40, i8259[0]);

    pcspk_init(pit);

    if (pci_enabled) {

        pic_set_alt_irq_func(isa_pic, ioapic_set_irq, ioapic);

    }

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_SERIAL_PORTS; i++) {

        if (serial_hds[i]) {

            serial_init(serial_io[i], i8259[serial_irq[i]], serial_hds[i]);

        }

    }

    for(i = 0; i < MAX_PARALLEL_PORTS; i++) {

        if (parallel_hds[i]) {

            parallel_init(parallel_io[i], i8259[parallel_irq[i]],

                          parallel_hds[i]);

        }

    }

    for(i = 0; i < nb_nics; i++) {

        nd = &nd_table[i];

        if (!nd->model) {

            if (pci_enabled) {

                nd->model = "ne2k_pci";

            } else {

                nd->model = "ne2k_isa";

            }

        }

        if (strcmp(nd->model, "ne2k_isa") == 0) {

            pc_init_ne2k_isa(nd, i8259);

        } else if (pci_enabled) {

            if (strcmp(nd->model, "?") == 0)