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\input texinfo @c -*- texinfo -*- |
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|
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@iftex |
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@settitle QEMU CPU Emulator User Documentation |
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@titlepage |
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@sp 7 |
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@center @titlefont{QEMU CPU Emulator User Documentation} |
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@sp 3 |
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@end titlepage |
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@end iftex |
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|
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@chapter Introduction |
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|
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@section Features |
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|
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QEMU is a FAST! processor emulator using dynamic translation to |
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achieve good emulation speed. |
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|
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QEMU has two operating modes: |
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|
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@itemize @minus |
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|
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@item |
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Full system emulation. In this mode, QEMU emulates a full system (for |
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example a PC), including a processor and various peripherials. It can |
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be used to launch different Operating Systems without rebooting the |
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PC or to debug system code. |
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|
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@item |
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User mode emulation (Linux host only). In this mode, QEMU can launch |
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Linux processes compiled for one CPU on another CPU. It can be used to |
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launch the Wine Windows API emulator (@url{http://www.winehq.org}) or |
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to ease cross-compilation and cross-debugging. |
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|
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@end itemize |
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|
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As QEMU requires no host kernel driver to run, it is very safe and |
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easy to use. |
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|
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For system emulation, the following hardware targets are supported: |
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@itemize |
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@item PC (x86 processor) |
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@item PREP (PowerPC processor) |
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@item PowerMac (PowerPC processor, in progress) |
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@end itemize |
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|
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For user emulation, x86, PowerPC, ARM, and SPARC CPUs are supported. |
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|
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@chapter Installation |
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|
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If you want to compile QEMU yourself, see @ref{compilation}. |
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|
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@section Linux |
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|
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Download the binary distribution (@file{qemu-XXX-i386.tar.gz}) and |
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untar it as root in @file{/}: |
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|
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@example |
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su |
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cd / |
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tar zxvf /tmp/qemu-XXX-i386.tar.gz |
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@end example |
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|
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@section Windows |
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|
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Download the experimental binary installer at |
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@url{http://www.freeoszoo.org/download.php}. |
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|
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@section Mac OS X |
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|
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Download the experimental binary installer at |
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@url{http://www.freeoszoo.org/download.php}. |
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|
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@chapter QEMU PC System emulator invocation |
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|
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@section Introduction |
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|
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@c man begin DESCRIPTION |
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|
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The QEMU System emulator simulates a complete PC. |
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|
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In order to meet specific user needs, two versions of QEMU are |
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available: |
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|
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@enumerate |
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|
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@item |
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@code{qemu-fast} uses the host Memory Management Unit (MMU) to |
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simulate the x86 MMU. It is @emph{fast} but has limitations because |
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the whole 4 GB address space cannot be used and some memory mapped |
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peripherials cannot be emulated accurately yet. Therefore, a specific |
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guest Linux kernel can be used (@xref{linux_compile}) as guest |
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OS. |
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|
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Moreover there is no separation between the host and target address |
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spaces, so it offers no security (the target OS can modify the |
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@code{qemu-fast} code by writing at the right addresses). |
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|
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@item |
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@code{qemu} uses a software MMU. It is about @emph{two times slower} |
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but gives a more accurate emulation and a complete separation between |
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the host and target address spaces. |
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|
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@end enumerate |
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|
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QEMU emulates the following PC peripherials: |
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|
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@itemize @minus |
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@item |
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i440FX host PCI bridge and PIIX3 PCI to ISA bridge |
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@item |
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Cirrus CLGD 5446 PCI VGA card or dummy VGA card with Bochs VESA |
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extensions (hardware level, including all non standard modes). |
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@item |
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PS/2 mouse and keyboard |
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@item |
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2 PCI IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support |
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@item |
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Floppy disk |
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@item |
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NE2000 PCI network adapters |
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@item |
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Serial ports |
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@item |
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Soundblaster 16 card |
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@end itemize |
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|
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QEMU uses the PC BIOS from the Bochs project and the Plex86/Bochs LGPL |
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VGA BIOS. |
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|
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@c man end |
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|
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@section Quick Start |
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|
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Download and uncompress the linux image (@file{linux.img}) and type: |
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|
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@example |
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qemu linux.img |
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@end example |
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|
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Linux should boot and give you a prompt. |
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|
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@section Invocation |
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|
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@example |
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@c man begin SYNOPSIS |
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usage: qemu [options] [disk_image] |
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@c man end |
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@end example |
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|
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@c man begin OPTIONS |
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@var{disk_image} is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0. |
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|
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General options: |
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@table @option |
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@item -fda file |
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@item -fdb file |
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Use @var{file} as floppy disk 0/1 image (@xref{disk_images}). You can |
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use the host floppy by using @file{/dev/fd0} as filename. |
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|
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@item -hda file |
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@item -hdb file |
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@item -hdc file |
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@item -hdd file |
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Use @var{file} as hard disk 0, 1, 2 or 3 image (@xref{disk_images}). |
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|
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@item -cdrom file |
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Use @var{file} as CD-ROM image (you cannot use @option{-hdc} and and |
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@option{-cdrom} at the same time). You can use the host CD-ROM by |
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using @file{/dev/cdrom} as filename. |
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|
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@item -boot [a|c|d] |
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Boot on floppy (a), hard disk (c) or CD-ROM (d). Hard disk boot is |
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the default. |
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|
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@item -snapshot |
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Write to temporary files instead of disk image files. In this case, |
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the raw disk image you use is not written back. You can however force |
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the write back by pressing @key{C-a s} (@xref{disk_images}). |
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|
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@item -m megs |
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Set virtual RAM size to @var{megs} megabytes. Default is 128 MB. |
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|
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@item -initrd file |
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Use @var{file} as initial ram disk. |
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|
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@item -nographic |
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|
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Normally, QEMU uses SDL to display the VGA output. With this option, |
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you can totally disable graphical output so that QEMU is a simple |
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command line application. The emulated serial port is redirected on |
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the console. Therefore, you can still use QEMU to debug a Linux kernel |
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with a serial console. |
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|
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@item -enable-audio |
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|
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The SB16 emulation is disabled by default as it may give problems with |
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Windows. You can enable it manually with this option. |
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|
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@item -localtime |
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Set the real time clock to local time (the default is to UTC |
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time). This option is needed to have correct date in MS-DOS or |
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Windows. |
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|
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@end table |
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|
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Network options: |
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|
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@table @option |
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|
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@item -n script |
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Set TUN/TAP network init script [default=/etc/qemu-ifup]. This script |
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is launched to configure the host network interface (usually tun0) |
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corresponding to the virtual NE2000 card. |
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|
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@item -macaddr addr |
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|
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Set the mac address of the first interface (the format is |
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aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff in hexa). The mac address is incremented for each |
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new network interface. |
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|
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@item -tun-fd fd |
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Assumes @var{fd} talks to a tap/tun host network interface and use |
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it. Read @url{http://bellard.org/qemu/tetrinet.html} to have an |
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example of its use. |
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|
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@item -user-net |
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Use the user mode network stack. This is the default if no tun/tap |
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network init script is found. |
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|
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@item -tftp prefix |
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When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in TFTP |
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server. All filenames beginning with @var{prefix} can be downloaded |
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from the host to the guest using a TFTP client. The TFTP client on the |
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guest must be configured in binary mode (use the command @code{bin} of |
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the Unix TFTP client). The host IP address on the guest is as usual |
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10.0.2.2. |
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|
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@item -redir [tcp|udp]:host-port:[guest-host]:guest-port |
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|
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When using the user mode network stack, redirect incoming TCP or UDP |
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connections to the host port @var{host-port} to the guest |
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@var{guest-host} on guest port @var{guest-port}. If @var{guest-host} |
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is not specified, its value is 10.0.2.15 (default address given by the |
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built-in DHCP server). |
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|
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For example, to redirect host X11 connection from screen 1 to guest |
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screen 0, use the following: |
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|
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@example |
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# on the host |
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qemu -redir tcp:6001::6000 [...] |
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# this host xterm should open in the guest X11 server |
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xterm -display :1 |
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@end example |
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|
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To redirect telnet connections from host port 5555 to telnet port on |
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the guest, use the following: |
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|
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@example |
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# on the host |
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qemu -redir tcp:5555::23 [...] |
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telnet localhost 5555 |
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@end example |
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|
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Then when you use on the host @code{telnet localhost 5555}, you |
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connect to the guest telnet server. |
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|
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@item -dummy-net |
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Use the dummy network stack: no packet will be received by the network |
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cards. |
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|
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@end table |
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|
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Linux boot specific. When using this options, you can use a given |
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Linux kernel without installing it in the disk image. It can be useful |
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for easier testing of various kernels. |
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|
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@table @option |
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|
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@item -kernel bzImage |
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Use @var{bzImage} as kernel image. |
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|
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@item -append cmdline |
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Use @var{cmdline} as kernel command line |
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|
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@item -initrd file |
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Use @var{file} as initial ram disk. |
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|
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@end table |
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|
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Debug/Expert options: |
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@table @option |
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|
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@item -serial dev |
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Redirect the virtual serial port to host device @var{dev}. Available |
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devices are: |
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@table @code |
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@item vc |
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Virtual console |
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@item pty |
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[Linux only] Pseudo TTY (a new PTY is automatically allocated) |
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@item null |
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void device |
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@item stdio |
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[Unix only] standard input/output |
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@end table |
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The default device is @code{vc} in graphical mode and @code{stdio} in |
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non graphical mode. |
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|
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This option can be used several times to simulate up to 4 serials |
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ports. |
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|
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@item -monitor dev |
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Redirect the monitor to host device @var{dev} (same devices as the |
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serial port). |
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The default device is @code{vc} in graphical mode and @code{stdio} in |
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non graphical mode. |
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|
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@item -s |
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Wait gdb connection to port 1234 (@xref{gdb_usage}). |
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@item -p port |
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Change gdb connection port. |
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@item -S |
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Do not start CPU at startup (you must type 'c' in the monitor). |
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@item -d |
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Output log in /tmp/qemu.log |
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@item -isa |
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Simulate an ISA-only system (default is PCI system). |
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@item -std-vga |
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Simulate a standard VGA card with Bochs VBE extensions (default is |
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Cirrus Logic GD5446 PCI VGA) |
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|
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@end table |
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|
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@c man end |
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|
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@section Keys |
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|
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@c man begin OPTIONS |
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|
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During the graphical emulation, you can use the following keys: |
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@table @key |
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@item Ctrl-Shift-f |
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Toggle full screen |
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|
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@item Ctrl-Shift-Fn |
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Switch to virtual console 'n'. Standard console mappings are: |
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@table @emph |
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@item 1 |
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Target system display |
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@item 2 |
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Monitor |
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@item 3 |
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Serial port |
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@end table |
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|
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@item Ctrl-Shift |
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Toggle mouse and keyboard grab. |
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@end table |
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|
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In the virtual consoles, you can use @key{Ctrl-Up}, @key{Ctrl-Down}, |
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@key{Ctrl-PageUp} and @key{Ctrl-PageDown} to move in the back log. |
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|
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During emulation, if you are using the @option{-nographic} option, use |
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@key{Ctrl-a h} to get terminal commands: |
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|
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@table @key |
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@item Ctrl-a h |
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Print this help |
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@item Ctrl-a x |
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Exit emulatior |
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@item Ctrl-a s |
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Save disk data back to file (if -snapshot) |
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@item Ctrl-a b |
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Send break (magic sysrq in Linux) |
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@item Ctrl-a c |
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Switch between console and monitor |
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@item Ctrl-a Ctrl-a |
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Send Ctrl-a |
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@end table |
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@c man end |
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|
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@ignore |
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|
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@setfilename qemu |
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@settitle QEMU System Emulator |
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|
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@c man begin SEEALSO |
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The HTML documentation of QEMU for more precise information and Linux |
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user mode emulator invocation. |
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@c man end |
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|
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@c man begin AUTHOR |
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Fabrice Bellard |
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@c man end |
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|
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@end ignore |
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|
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@end ignore |
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|
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|
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@section QEMU Monitor |
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|
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The QEMU monitor is used to give complex commands to the QEMU |
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emulator. You can use it to: |
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|
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@itemize @minus |
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|
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@item |
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Remove or insert removable medias images |
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(such as CD-ROM or floppies) |
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|
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@item |
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Freeze/unfreeze the Virtual Machine (VM) and save or restore its state |
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from a disk file. |
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|
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@item Inspect the VM state without an external debugger. |
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|
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@end itemize |
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|
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@subsection Commands |
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|
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The following commands are available: |
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|
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@table @option |
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|
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@item help or ? [cmd] |
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Show the help for all commands or just for command @var{cmd}. |
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|
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@item commit |
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Commit changes to the disk images (if -snapshot is used) |
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|
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@item info subcommand |
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show various information about the system state |
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|
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@table @option |
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@item info network |
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show the network state |
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@item info block |
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show the block devices |
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@item info registers |
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show the cpu registers |
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@item info history |
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show the command line history |
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@end table |
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|
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@item q or quit |
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Quit the emulator. |
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|
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@item eject [-f] device |
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Eject a removable media (use -f to force it). |
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|
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@item change device filename |
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Change a removable media. |
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|
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@item screendump filename |
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Save screen into PPM image @var{filename}. |
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|
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@item log item1[,...] |
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Activate logging of the specified items to @file{/tmp/qemu.log}. |
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|
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@item savevm filename |
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Save the whole virtual machine state to @var{filename}. |
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|
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@item loadvm filename |
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Restore the whole virtual machine state from @var{filename}. |
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|
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@item stop |
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Stop emulation. |
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|
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@item c or cont |
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Resume emulation. |
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|
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@item gdbserver [port] |
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Start gdbserver session (default port=1234) |
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|
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@item x/fmt addr |
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Virtual memory dump starting at @var{addr}. |
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|
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@item xp /fmt addr |
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Physical memory dump starting at @var{addr}. |
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|
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@var{fmt} is a format which tells the command how to format the |
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data. Its syntax is: @option{/@{count@}@{format@}@{size@}} |
486 |
|
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@table @var |
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@item count |
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is the number of items to be dumped. |
490 |
|
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@item format |
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can be x (hexa), d (signed decimal), u (unsigned decimal), o (octal), |
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c (char) or i (asm instruction). |
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|
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@item size |
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can be b (8 bits), h (16 bits), w (32 bits) or g (64 bits). On x86, |
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@code{h} or @code{w} can be specified with the @code{i} format to |
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respectively select 16 or 32 bit code instruction size. |
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|
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@end table |
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|
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Examples: |
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@itemize |
504 |
@item |
505 |
Dump 10 instructions at the current instruction pointer: |
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@example |
507 |
(qemu) x/10i $eip |
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0x90107063: ret |
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0x90107064: sti |
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0x90107065: lea 0x0(%esi,1),%esi |
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0x90107069: lea 0x0(%edi,1),%edi |
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0x90107070: ret |
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0x90107071: jmp 0x90107080 |
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0x90107073: nop |
515 |
0x90107074: nop |
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0x90107075: nop |
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0x90107076: nop |
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@end example |
519 |
|
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@item |
521 |
Dump 80 16 bit values at the start of the video memory. |
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@example |
523 |
(qemu) xp/80hx 0xb8000 |
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0x000b8000: 0x0b50 0x0b6c 0x0b65 0x0b78 0x0b38 0x0b36 0x0b2f 0x0b42 |
525 |
0x000b8010: 0x0b6f 0x0b63 0x0b68 0x0b73 0x0b20 0x0b56 0x0b47 0x0b41 |
526 |
0x000b8020: 0x0b42 0x0b69 0x0b6f 0x0b73 0x0b20 0x0b63 0x0b75 0x0b72 |
527 |
0x000b8030: 0x0b72 0x0b65 0x0b6e 0x0b74 0x0b2d 0x0b63 0x0b76 0x0b73 |
528 |
0x000b8040: 0x0b20 0x0b30 0x0b35 0x0b20 0x0b4e 0x0b6f 0x0b76 0x0b20 |
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0x000b8050: 0x0b32 0x0b30 0x0b30 0x0b33 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 |
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0x000b8060: 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 |
531 |
0x000b8070: 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 |
532 |
0x000b8080: 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 |
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0x000b8090: 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 |
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@end example |
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@end itemize |
536 |
|
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@item p or print/fmt expr |
538 |
|
539 |
Print expression value. Only the @var{format} part of @var{fmt} is |
540 |
used. |
541 |
|
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@item sendkey keys |
543 |
|
544 |
Send @var{keys} to the emulator. Use @code{-} to press several keys |
545 |
simultaneously. Example: |
546 |
@example |
547 |
sendkey ctrl-alt-f1 |
548 |
@end example |
549 |
|
550 |
This command is useful to send keys that your graphical user interface |
551 |
intercepts at low level, such as @code{ctrl-alt-f1} in X Window. |
552 |
|
553 |
@item system_reset |
554 |
|
555 |
Reset the system. |
556 |
|
557 |
@end table |
558 |
|
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@subsection Integer expressions |
560 |
|
561 |
The monitor understands integers expressions for every integer |
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argument. You can use register names to get the value of specifics |
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CPU registers by prefixing them with @emph{$}. |
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|
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@node disk_images |
566 |
@section Disk Images |
567 |
|
568 |
@subsection Raw disk images |
569 |
|
570 |
The disk images can simply be raw images of the hard disk. You can |
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create them with the command: |
572 |
@example |
573 |
dd of=myimage bs=1024 seek=mysize count=0 |
574 |
@end example |
575 |
where @var{myimage} is the image filename and @var{mysize} is its size |
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in kilobytes. |
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|
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@subsection Snapshot mode |
579 |
|
580 |
If you use the option @option{-snapshot}, all disk images are |
581 |
considered as read only. When sectors in written, they are written in |
582 |
a temporary file created in @file{/tmp}. You can however force the |
583 |
write back to the raw disk images by pressing @key{C-a s}. |
584 |
|
585 |
NOTE: The snapshot mode only works with raw disk images. |
586 |
|
587 |
@subsection Copy On Write disk images |
588 |
|
589 |
QEMU also supports user mode Linux |
590 |
(@url{http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/}) Copy On Write (COW) |
591 |
disk images. The COW disk images are much smaller than normal images |
592 |
as they store only modified sectors. They also permit the use of the |
593 |
same disk image template for many users. |
594 |
|
595 |
To create a COW disk images, use the command: |
596 |
|
597 |
@example |
598 |
qemu-mkcow -f myrawimage.bin mycowimage.cow |
599 |
@end example |
600 |
|
601 |
@file{myrawimage.bin} is a raw image you want to use as original disk |
602 |
image. It will never be written to. |
603 |
|
604 |
@file{mycowimage.cow} is the COW disk image which is created by |
605 |
@code{qemu-mkcow}. You can use it directly with the @option{-hdx} |
606 |
options. You must not modify the original raw disk image if you use |
607 |
COW images, as COW images only store the modified sectors from the raw |
608 |
disk image. QEMU stores the original raw disk image name and its |
609 |
modified time in the COW disk image so that chances of mistakes are |
610 |
reduced. |
611 |
|
612 |
If the raw disk image is not read-only, by pressing @key{C-a s} you |
613 |
can flush the COW disk image back into the raw disk image, as in |
614 |
snapshot mode. |
615 |
|
616 |
COW disk images can also be created without a corresponding raw disk |
617 |
image. It is useful to have a big initial virtual disk image without |
618 |
using much disk space. Use: |
619 |
|
620 |
@example |
621 |
qemu-mkcow mycowimage.cow 1024 |
622 |
@end example |
623 |
|
624 |
to create a 1 gigabyte empty COW disk image. |
625 |
|
626 |
NOTES: |
627 |
@enumerate |
628 |
@item |
629 |
COW disk images must be created on file systems supporting |
630 |
@emph{holes} such as ext2 or ext3. |
631 |
@item |
632 |
Since holes are used, the displayed size of the COW disk image is not |
633 |
the real one. To know it, use the @code{ls -ls} command. |
634 |
@end enumerate |
635 |
|
636 |
@subsection Convert VMware disk images to raw disk images |
637 |
|
638 |
You can use the tool @file{vmdk2raw} to convert VMware disk images to |
639 |
raw disk images directly usable by QEMU. The syntax is: |
640 |
@example |
641 |
vmdk2raw vmware_image output_image |
642 |
@end example |
643 |
|
644 |
@section Network emulation |
645 |
|
646 |
QEMU simulates up to 6 networks cards (NE2000 boards). Each card can |
647 |
be connected to a specific host network interface. |
648 |
|
649 |
@subsection Using tun/tap network interface |
650 |
|
651 |
This is the standard way to emulate network. QEMU adds a virtual |
652 |
network device on your host (called @code{tun0}), and you can then |
653 |
configure it as if it was a real ethernet card. |
654 |
|
655 |
As an example, you can download the @file{linux-test-xxx.tar.gz} |
656 |
archive and copy the script @file{qemu-ifup} in @file{/etc} and |
657 |
configure properly @code{sudo} so that the command @code{ifconfig} |
658 |
contained in @file{qemu-ifup} can be executed as root. You must verify |
659 |
that your host kernel supports the TUN/TAP network interfaces: the |
660 |
device @file{/dev/net/tun} must be present. |
661 |
|
662 |
See @ref{direct_linux_boot} to have an example of network use with a |
663 |
Linux distribution. |
664 |
|
665 |
@subsection Using the user mode network stack |
666 |
|
667 |
By using the option @option{-user-net} or if you have no tun/tap init |
668 |
script, QEMU uses a completely user mode network stack (you don't need |
669 |
root priviledge to use the virtual network). The virtual network |
670 |
configuration is the following: |
671 |
|
672 |
@example |
673 |
|
674 |
QEMU Virtual Machine <------> Firewall/DHCP server <-----> Internet |
675 |
(10.0.2.x) | (10.0.2.2) |
676 |
| |
677 |
----> DNS |
678 |
(10.0.2.3) |
679 |
@end example |
680 |
|
681 |
The QEMU VM behaves as if it was behind a firewall which blocks all |
682 |
incoming connections. You can use a DHCP client to automatically |
683 |
configure the network in the QEMU VM. |
684 |
|
685 |
In order to check that the user mode network is working, you can ping |
686 |
the address 10.0.2.2 and verify that you got an address in the range |
687 |
10.0.2.x from the QEMU virtual DHCP server. |
688 |
|
689 |
Note that @code{ping} is not supported reliably to the internet as it |
690 |
would require root priviledges. It means you can only ping the local |
691 |
router (10.0.2.2). |
692 |
|
693 |
When using the built-in TFTP server, the router is also the TFTP |
694 |
server. |
695 |
|
696 |
When using the @option{-redir} option, TCP or UDP connections can be |
697 |
redirected from the host to the guest. It allows for example to |
698 |
redirect X11, telnet or SSH connections. |
699 |
|
700 |
@node direct_linux_boot |
701 |
@section Direct Linux Boot |
702 |
|
703 |
This section explains how to launch a Linux kernel inside QEMU without |
704 |
having to make a full bootable image. It is very useful for fast Linux |
705 |
kernel testing. The QEMU network configuration is also explained. |
706 |
|
707 |
@enumerate |
708 |
@item |
709 |
Download the archive @file{linux-test-xxx.tar.gz} containing a Linux |
710 |
kernel and a disk image. |
711 |
|
712 |
@item Optional: If you want network support (for example to launch X11 examples), you |
713 |
must copy the script @file{qemu-ifup} in @file{/etc} and configure |
714 |
properly @code{sudo} so that the command @code{ifconfig} contained in |
715 |
@file{qemu-ifup} can be executed as root. You must verify that your host |
716 |
kernel supports the TUN/TAP network interfaces: the device |
717 |
@file{/dev/net/tun} must be present. |
718 |
|
719 |
When network is enabled, there is a virtual network connection between |
720 |
the host kernel and the emulated kernel. The emulated kernel is seen |
721 |
from the host kernel at IP address 172.20.0.2 and the host kernel is |
722 |
seen from the emulated kernel at IP address 172.20.0.1. |
723 |
|
724 |
@item Launch @code{qemu.sh}. You should have the following output: |
725 |
|
726 |
@example |
727 |
> ./qemu.sh |
728 |
Connected to host network interface: tun0 |
729 |
Linux version 2.4.21 (bellard@voyager.localdomain) (gcc version 3.2.2 20030222 (Red Hat Linux 3.2.2-5)) #5 Tue Nov 11 18:18:53 CET 2003 |
730 |
BIOS-provided physical RAM map: |
731 |
BIOS-e801: 0000000000000000 - 000000000009f000 (usable) |
732 |
BIOS-e801: 0000000000100000 - 0000000002000000 (usable) |
733 |
32MB LOWMEM available. |
734 |
On node 0 totalpages: 8192 |
735 |
zone(0): 4096 pages. |
736 |
zone(1): 4096 pages. |
737 |
zone(2): 0 pages. |
738 |
Kernel command line: root=/dev/hda sb=0x220,5,1,5 ide2=noprobe ide3=noprobe ide4=noprobe ide5=noprobe console=ttyS0 |
739 |
ide_setup: ide2=noprobe |
740 |
ide_setup: ide3=noprobe |
741 |
ide_setup: ide4=noprobe |
742 |
ide_setup: ide5=noprobe |
743 |
Initializing CPU#0 |
744 |
Detected 2399.621 MHz processor. |
745 |
Console: colour EGA 80x25 |
746 |
Calibrating delay loop... 4744.80 BogoMIPS |
747 |
Memory: 28872k/32768k available (1210k kernel code, 3508k reserved, 266k data, 64k init, 0k highmem) |
748 |
Dentry cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 3, 32768 bytes) |
749 |
Inode cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes) |
750 |
Mount cache hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes) |
751 |
Buffer-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes) |
752 |
Page-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes) |
753 |
CPU: Intel Pentium Pro stepping 03 |
754 |
Checking 'hlt' instruction... OK. |
755 |
POSIX conformance testing by UNIFIX |
756 |
Linux NET4.0 for Linux 2.4 |
757 |
Based upon Swansea University Computer Society NET3.039 |
758 |
Initializing RT netlink socket |
759 |
apm: BIOS not found. |
760 |
Starting kswapd |
761 |
Journalled Block Device driver loaded |
762 |
Detected PS/2 Mouse Port. |
763 |
pty: 256 Unix98 ptys configured |
764 |
Serial driver version 5.05c (2001-07-08) with no serial options enabled |
765 |
ttyS00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16450 |
766 |
ne.c:v1.10 9/23/94 Donald Becker (becker@scyld.com) |
767 |
Last modified Nov 1, 2000 by Paul Gortmaker |
768 |
NE*000 ethercard probe at 0x300: 52 54 00 12 34 56 |
769 |
eth0: NE2000 found at 0x300, using IRQ 9. |
770 |
RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize |
771 |
Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver Revision: 7.00beta4-2.4 |
772 |
ide: Assuming 50MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx |
773 |
hda: QEMU HARDDISK, ATA DISK drive |
774 |
ide0 at 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6 on irq 14 |
775 |
hda: attached ide-disk driver. |
776 |
hda: 20480 sectors (10 MB) w/256KiB Cache, CHS=20/16/63 |
777 |
Partition check: |
778 |
hda: |
779 |
Soundblaster audio driver Copyright (C) by Hannu Savolainen 1993-1996 |
780 |
NET4: Linux TCP/IP 1.0 for NET4.0 |
781 |
IP Protocols: ICMP, UDP, TCP, IGMP |
782 |
IP: routing cache hash table of 512 buckets, 4Kbytes |
783 |
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 2048 bind 4096) |
784 |
NET4: Unix domain sockets 1.0/SMP for Linux NET4.0. |
785 |
EXT2-fs warning: mounting unchecked fs, running e2fsck is recommended |
786 |
VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem). |
787 |
Freeing unused kernel memory: 64k freed |
788 |
|
789 |
Linux version 2.4.21 (bellard@voyager.localdomain) (gcc version 3.2.2 20030222 (Red Hat Linux 3.2.2-5)) #5 Tue Nov 11 18:18:53 CET 2003 |
790 |
|
791 |
QEMU Linux test distribution (based on Redhat 9) |
792 |
|
793 |
Type 'exit' to halt the system |
794 |
|
795 |
sh-2.05b# |
796 |
@end example |
797 |
|
798 |
@item |
799 |
Then you can play with the kernel inside the virtual serial console. You |
800 |
can launch @code{ls} for example. Type @key{Ctrl-a h} to have an help |
801 |
about the keys you can type inside the virtual serial console. In |
802 |
particular, use @key{Ctrl-a x} to exit QEMU and use @key{Ctrl-a b} as |
803 |
the Magic SysRq key. |
804 |
|
805 |
@item |
806 |
If the network is enabled, launch the script @file{/etc/linuxrc} in the |
807 |
emulator (don't forget the leading dot): |
808 |
@example |
809 |
. /etc/linuxrc |
810 |
@end example |
811 |
|
812 |
Then enable X11 connections on your PC from the emulated Linux: |
813 |
@example |
814 |
xhost +172.20.0.2 |
815 |
@end example |
816 |
|
817 |
You can now launch @file{xterm} or @file{xlogo} and verify that you have |
818 |
a real Virtual Linux system ! |
819 |
|
820 |
@end enumerate |
821 |
|
822 |
NOTES: |
823 |
@enumerate |
824 |
@item |
825 |
A 2.5.74 kernel is also included in the archive. Just |
826 |
replace the bzImage in qemu.sh to try it. |
827 |
|
828 |
@item |
829 |
qemu-fast creates a temporary file in @var{$QEMU_TMPDIR} (@file{/tmp} is the |
830 |
default) containing all the simulated PC memory. If possible, try to use |
831 |
a temporary directory using the tmpfs filesystem to avoid too many |
832 |
unnecessary disk accesses. |
833 |
|
834 |
@item |
835 |
In order to exit cleanly from qemu, you can do a @emph{shutdown} inside |
836 |
qemu. qemu will automatically exit when the Linux shutdown is done. |
837 |
|
838 |
@item |
839 |
You can boot slightly faster by disabling the probe of non present IDE |
840 |
interfaces. To do so, add the following options on the kernel command |
841 |
line: |
842 |
@example |
843 |
ide1=noprobe ide2=noprobe ide3=noprobe ide4=noprobe ide5=noprobe |
844 |
@end example |
845 |
|
846 |
@item |
847 |
The example disk image is a modified version of the one made by Kevin |
848 |
Lawton for the plex86 Project (@url{www.plex86.org}). |
849 |
|
850 |
@end enumerate |
851 |
|
852 |
@node linux_compile |
853 |
@section Linux Kernel Compilation |
854 |
|
855 |
You can use any linux kernel with QEMU. However, if you want to use |
856 |
@code{qemu-fast} to get maximum performances, you must use a modified |
857 |
guest kernel. If you are using a 2.6 guest kernel, you can use |
858 |
directly the patch @file{linux-2.6-qemu-fast.patch} made by Rusty |
859 |
Russel available in the QEMU source archive. Otherwise, you can make the |
860 |
following changes @emph{by hand} to the Linux kernel: |
861 |
|
862 |
@enumerate |
863 |
@item |
864 |
The kernel must be mapped at 0x90000000 (the default is |
865 |
0xc0000000). You must modify only two lines in the kernel source: |
866 |
|
867 |
In @file{include/asm/page.h}, replace |
868 |
@example |
869 |
#define __PAGE_OFFSET (0xc0000000) |
870 |
@end example |
871 |
by |
872 |
@example |
873 |
#define __PAGE_OFFSET (0x90000000) |
874 |
@end example |
875 |
|
876 |
And in @file{arch/i386/vmlinux.lds}, replace |
877 |
@example |
878 |
. = 0xc0000000 + 0x100000; |
879 |
@end example |
880 |
by |
881 |
@example |
882 |
. = 0x90000000 + 0x100000; |
883 |
@end example |
884 |
|
885 |
@item |
886 |
If you want to enable SMP (Symmetric Multi-Processing) support, you |
887 |
must make the following change in @file{include/asm/fixmap.h}. Replace |
888 |
@example |
889 |
#define FIXADDR_TOP (0xffffX000UL) |
890 |
@end example |
891 |
by |
892 |
@example |
893 |
#define FIXADDR_TOP (0xa7ffX000UL) |
894 |
@end example |
895 |
(X is 'e' or 'f' depending on the kernel version). Although you can |
896 |
use an SMP kernel with QEMU, it only supports one CPU. |
897 |
|
898 |
@item |
899 |
If you are not using a 2.6 kernel as host kernel but if you use a target |
900 |
2.6 kernel, you must also ensure that the 'HZ' define is set to 100 |
901 |
(1000 is the default) as QEMU cannot currently emulate timers at |
902 |
frequencies greater than 100 Hz on host Linux systems < 2.6. In |
903 |
@file{include/asm/param.h}, replace: |
904 |
|
905 |
@example |
906 |
# define HZ 1000 /* Internal kernel timer frequency */ |
907 |
@end example |
908 |
by |
909 |
@example |
910 |
# define HZ 100 /* Internal kernel timer frequency */ |
911 |
@end example |
912 |
|
913 |
@end enumerate |
914 |
|
915 |
The file config-2.x.x gives the configuration of the example kernels. |
916 |
|
917 |
Just type |
918 |
@example |
919 |
make bzImage |
920 |
@end example |
921 |
|
922 |
As you would do to make a real kernel. Then you can use with QEMU |
923 |
exactly the same kernel as you would boot on your PC (in |
924 |
@file{arch/i386/boot/bzImage}). |
925 |
|
926 |
@node gdb_usage |
927 |
@section GDB usage |
928 |
|
929 |
QEMU has a primitive support to work with gdb, so that you can do |
930 |
'Ctrl-C' while the virtual machine is running and inspect its state. |
931 |
|
932 |
In order to use gdb, launch qemu with the '-s' option. It will wait for a |
933 |
gdb connection: |
934 |
@example |
935 |
> qemu -s -kernel arch/i386/boot/bzImage -hda root-2.4.20.img -append "root=/dev/hda" |
936 |
Connected to host network interface: tun0 |
937 |
Waiting gdb connection on port 1234 |
938 |
@end example |
939 |
|
940 |
Then launch gdb on the 'vmlinux' executable: |
941 |
@example |
942 |
> gdb vmlinux |
943 |
@end example |
944 |
|
945 |
In gdb, connect to QEMU: |
946 |
@example |
947 |
(gdb) target remote localhost:1234 |
948 |
@end example |
949 |
|
950 |
Then you can use gdb normally. For example, type 'c' to launch the kernel: |
951 |
@example |
952 |
(gdb) c |
953 |
@end example |
954 |
|
955 |
Here are some useful tips in order to use gdb on system code: |
956 |
|
957 |
@enumerate |
958 |
@item |
959 |
Use @code{info reg} to display all the CPU registers. |
960 |
@item |
961 |
Use @code{x/10i $eip} to display the code at the PC position. |
962 |
@item |
963 |
Use @code{set architecture i8086} to dump 16 bit code. Then use |
964 |
@code{x/10i $cs*16+*eip} to dump the code at the PC position. |
965 |
@end enumerate |
966 |
|
967 |
@section Target OS specific information |
968 |
|
969 |
@subsection Linux |
970 |
|
971 |
To have access to SVGA graphic modes under X11, use the @code{vesa} or |
972 |
the @code{cirrus} X11 driver. For optimal performances, use 16 bit |
973 |
color depth in the guest and the host OS. |
974 |
|
975 |
When using a 2.6 guest Linux kernel, you should add the option |
976 |
@code{clock=pit} on the kernel command line because the 2.6 Linux |
977 |
kernels make very strict real time clock checks by default that QEMU |
978 |
cannot simulate exactly. |
979 |
|
980 |
@subsection Windows |
981 |
|
982 |
If you have a slow host, using Windows 95 is better as it gives the |
983 |
best speed. Windows 2000 is also a good choice. |
984 |
|
985 |
@subsubsection SVGA graphic modes support |
986 |
|
987 |
QEMU emulates a Cirrus Logic GD5446 Video |
988 |
card. All Windows versions starting from Windows 95 should recognize |
989 |
and use this graphic card. For optimal performances, use 16 bit color |
990 |
depth in the guest and the host OS. |
991 |
|
992 |
@subsubsection CPU usage reduction |
993 |
|
994 |
Windows 9x does not correctly use the CPU HLT |
995 |
instruction. The result is that it takes host CPU cycles even when |
996 |
idle. You can install the utility from |
997 |
@url{http://www.user.cityline.ru/~maxamn/amnhltm.zip} to solve this |
998 |
problem. Note that no such tool is needed for NT, 2000 or XP. |
999 |
|
1000 |
@subsubsection Windows 2000 disk full problems |
1001 |
|
1002 |
Currently (release 0.6.0) QEMU has a bug which gives a @code{disk |
1003 |
full} error during installation of some releases of Windows 2000. The |
1004 |
workaround is to stop QEMU as soon as you notice that your disk image |
1005 |
size is growing too fast (monitor it with @code{ls -ls}). Then |
1006 |
relaunch QEMU to continue the installation. If you still experience |
1007 |
the problem, relaunch QEMU again. |
1008 |
|
1009 |
Future QEMU releases are likely to correct this bug. |
1010 |
|
1011 |
@subsubsection Windows XP security problems |
1012 |
|
1013 |
Some releases of Windows XP install correctly but give a security |
1014 |
error when booting: |
1015 |
@example |
1016 |
A problem is preventing Windows from accurately checking the |
1017 |
license for this computer. Error code: 0x800703e6. |
1018 |
@end example |
1019 |
The only known workaround is to boot in Safe mode |
1020 |
without networking support. |
1021 |
|
1022 |
Future QEMU releases are likely to correct this bug. |
1023 |
|
1024 |
@subsection MS-DOS and FreeDOS |
1025 |
|
1026 |
@subsubsection CPU usage reduction |
1027 |
|
1028 |
DOS does not correctly use the CPU HLT instruction. The result is that |
1029 |
it takes host CPU cycles even when idle. You can install the utility |
1030 |
from @url{http://www.vmware.com/software/dosidle210.zip} to solve this |
1031 |
problem. |
1032 |
|
1033 |
@chapter QEMU PowerPC System emulator invocation |
1034 |
|
1035 |
Use the executable @file{qemu-system-ppc} to simulate a complete PREP |
1036 |
or PowerMac PowerPC system. |
1037 |
|
1038 |
QEMU emulates the following PowerMac peripherials: |
1039 |
|
1040 |
@itemize @minus |
1041 |
@item |
1042 |
UniNorth PCI Bridge |
1043 |
@item |
1044 |
PCI VGA compatible card with VESA Bochs Extensions |
1045 |
@item |
1046 |
2 PMAC IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support |
1047 |
@item |
1048 |
NE2000 PCI adapters |
1049 |
@item |
1050 |
Non Volatile RAM |
1051 |
@item |
1052 |
VIA-CUDA with ADB keyboard and mouse. |
1053 |
@end itemize |
1054 |
|
1055 |
QEMU emulates the following PREP peripherials: |
1056 |
|
1057 |
@itemize @minus |
1058 |
@item |
1059 |
PCI Bridge |
1060 |
@item |
1061 |
PCI VGA compatible card with VESA Bochs Extensions |
1062 |
@item |
1063 |
2 IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support |
1064 |
@item |
1065 |
Floppy disk |
1066 |
@item |
1067 |
NE2000 network adapters |
1068 |
@item |
1069 |
Serial port |
1070 |
@item |
1071 |
PREP Non Volatile RAM |
1072 |
@item |
1073 |
PC compatible keyboard and mouse. |
1074 |
@end itemize |
1075 |
|
1076 |
QEMU uses the Open Hack'Ware Open Firmware Compatible BIOS available at |
1077 |
@url{http://site.voila.fr/jmayer/OpenHackWare/index.htm}. |
1078 |
|
1079 |
You can read the qemu PC system emulation chapter to have more |
1080 |
informations about QEMU usage. |
1081 |
|
1082 |
@c man begin OPTIONS |
1083 |
|
1084 |
The following options are specific to the PowerPC emulation: |
1085 |
|
1086 |
@table @option |
1087 |
|
1088 |
@item -prep |
1089 |
Simulate a PREP system (default is PowerMAC) |
1090 |
|
1091 |
@item -g WxH[xDEPTH] |
1092 |
|
1093 |
Set the initial VGA graphic mode. The default is 800x600x15. |
1094 |
|
1095 |
@end table |
1096 |
|
1097 |
@c man end |
1098 |
|
1099 |
|
1100 |
More information is available at |
1101 |
@url{http://jocelyn.mayer.free.fr/qemu-ppc/}. |
1102 |
|
1103 |
@chapter QEMU User space emulator invocation |
1104 |
|
1105 |
@section Quick Start |
1106 |
|
1107 |
In order to launch a Linux process, QEMU needs the process executable |
1108 |
itself and all the target (x86) dynamic libraries used by it. |
1109 |
|
1110 |
@itemize |
1111 |
|
1112 |
@item On x86, you can just try to launch any process by using the native |
1113 |
libraries: |
1114 |
|
1115 |
@example |
1116 |
qemu-i386 -L / /bin/ls |
1117 |
@end example |
1118 |
|
1119 |
@code{-L /} tells that the x86 dynamic linker must be searched with a |
1120 |
@file{/} prefix. |
1121 |
|
1122 |
@item Since QEMU is also a linux process, you can launch qemu with qemu (NOTE: you can only do that if you compiled QEMU from the sources): |
1123 |
|
1124 |
@example |
1125 |
qemu-i386 -L / qemu-i386 -L / /bin/ls |
1126 |
@end example |
1127 |
|
1128 |
@item On non x86 CPUs, you need first to download at least an x86 glibc |
1129 |
(@file{qemu-runtime-i386-XXX-.tar.gz} on the QEMU web page). Ensure that |
1130 |
@code{LD_LIBRARY_PATH} is not set: |
1131 |
|
1132 |
@example |
1133 |
unset LD_LIBRARY_PATH |
1134 |
@end example |
1135 |
|
1136 |
Then you can launch the precompiled @file{ls} x86 executable: |
1137 |
|
1138 |
@example |
1139 |
qemu-i386 tests/i386/ls |
1140 |
@end example |
1141 |
You can look at @file{qemu-binfmt-conf.sh} so that |
1142 |
QEMU is automatically launched by the Linux kernel when you try to |
1143 |
launch x86 executables. It requires the @code{binfmt_misc} module in the |
1144 |
Linux kernel. |
1145 |
|
1146 |
@item The x86 version of QEMU is also included. You can try weird things such as: |
1147 |
@example |
1148 |
qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/ls-i386 |
1149 |
@end example |
1150 |
|
1151 |
@end itemize |
1152 |
|
1153 |
@section Wine launch |
1154 |
|
1155 |
@itemize |
1156 |
|
1157 |
@item Ensure that you have a working QEMU with the x86 glibc |
1158 |
distribution (see previous section). In order to verify it, you must be |
1159 |
able to do: |
1160 |
|
1161 |
@example |
1162 |
qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/ls-i386 |
1163 |
@end example |
1164 |
|
1165 |
@item Download the binary x86 Wine install |
1166 |
(@file{qemu-XXX-i386-wine.tar.gz} on the QEMU web page). |
1167 |
|
1168 |
@item Configure Wine on your account. Look at the provided script |
1169 |
@file{/usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/wine-conf.sh}. Your previous |
1170 |
@code{$@{HOME@}/.wine} directory is saved to @code{$@{HOME@}/.wine.org}. |
1171 |
|
1172 |
@item Then you can try the example @file{putty.exe}: |
1173 |
|
1174 |
@example |
1175 |
qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/wine/bin/wine /usr/local/qemu-i386/wine/c/Program\ Files/putty.exe |
1176 |
@end example |
1177 |
|
1178 |
@end itemize |
1179 |
|
1180 |
@section Command line options |
1181 |
|
1182 |
@example |
1183 |
usage: qemu-i386 [-h] [-d] [-L path] [-s size] program [arguments...] |
1184 |
@end example |
1185 |
|
1186 |
@table @option |
1187 |
@item -h |
1188 |
Print the help |
1189 |
@item -L path |
1190 |
Set the x86 elf interpreter prefix (default=/usr/local/qemu-i386) |
1191 |
@item -s size |
1192 |
Set the x86 stack size in bytes (default=524288) |
1193 |
@end table |
1194 |
|
1195 |
Debug options: |
1196 |
|
1197 |
@table @option |
1198 |
@item -d |
1199 |
Activate log (logfile=/tmp/qemu.log) |
1200 |
@item -p pagesize |
1201 |
Act as if the host page size was 'pagesize' bytes |
1202 |
@end table |
1203 |
|
1204 |
@node compilation |
1205 |
@chapter Compilation from the sources |
1206 |
|
1207 |
@section Linux/BSD |
1208 |
|
1209 |
Read the @file{README} which gives the related information. |
1210 |
|
1211 |
@section Windows |
1212 |
|
1213 |
@itemize |
1214 |
@item Install the current versions of MSYS and MinGW from |
1215 |
@url{http://www.mingw.org/}. You can find detailed installation |
1216 |
instructions in the download section and the FAQ. |
1217 |
|
1218 |
@item Download |
1219 |
the MinGW development library of SDL 1.2.x |
1220 |
(@file{SDL-devel-1.2.x-mingw32.tar.gz}) from |
1221 |
@url{http://www.libsdl.org}. Unpack it in a temporary place, and |
1222 |
unpack the archive @file{i386-mingw32msvc.tar.gz} in the MinGW tool |
1223 |
directory. Edit the @file{sdl-config} script so that it gives the |
1224 |
correct SDL directory when invoked. |
1225 |
|
1226 |
@item Extract the current version of QEMU. |
1227 |
|
1228 |
@item Start the MSYS shell (file @file{msys.bat}). |
1229 |
|
1230 |
@item Change to the QEMU directory. Launch @file{./configure} and |
1231 |
@file{make}. If you have problems using SDL, verify that |
1232 |
@file{sdl-config} can be launched from the MSYS command line. |
1233 |
|
1234 |
@item You can install QEMU in @file{Program Files/Qemu} by typing |
1235 |
@file{make install}. Don't forget to copy @file{SDL.dll} in |
1236 |
@file{Program Files/Qemu}. |
1237 |
|
1238 |
@end itemize |
1239 |
|
1240 |
@section Cross compilation for Windows with Linux |
1241 |
|
1242 |
@itemize |
1243 |
@item |
1244 |
Install the MinGW cross compilation tools available at |
1245 |
@url{http://www.mingw.org/}. |
1246 |
|
1247 |
@item |
1248 |
Install the Win32 version of SDL (@url{http://www.libsdl.org}) by |
1249 |
unpacking @file{i386-mingw32msvc.tar.gz}. Set up the PATH environment |
1250 |
variable so that @file{i386-mingw32msvc-sdl-config} can be launched by |
1251 |
the QEMU configuration script. |
1252 |
|
1253 |
@item |
1254 |
Configure QEMU for Windows cross compilation: |
1255 |
@example |
1256 |
./configure --enable-mingw32 |
1257 |
@end example |
1258 |
If necessary, you can change the cross-prefix according to the prefix |
1259 |
choosen for the MinGW tools with --cross-prefix. You can also use |
1260 |
--prefix to set the Win32 install path. |
1261 |
|
1262 |
@item You can install QEMU in the installation directory by typing |
1263 |
@file{make install}. Don't forget to copy @file{SDL.dll} in the |
1264 |
installation directory. |
1265 |
|
1266 |
@end itemize |
1267 |
|
1268 |
Note: Currently, Wine does not seem able to launch |
1269 |
QEMU for Win32. |
1270 |
|
1271 |
@section Mac OS X |
1272 |
|
1273 |
The Mac OS X patches are not fully merged in QEMU, so you should look |
1274 |
at the QEMU mailing list archive to have all the necessary |
1275 |
information. |
1276 |
|