Archipelago » qemu

HXCOMM Use DEFHEADING() to define headings in both help text and texi

HXCOMM Text between STEXI and ETEXI are copied to texi version and

HXCOMM discarded from C version

HXCOMM DEF(option, HAS_ARG/0, opt_enum, opt_help, arch_mask) is used to

HXCOMM construct option structures, enums and help message for specified

HXCOMM architectures.

HXCOMM HXCOMM can be used for comments, discarded from both texi and C

DEFHEADING(Standard options:)

STEXI

@table @option

ETEXI

DEF("help", 0, QEMU_OPTION_h,

    "-h or -help     display this help and exit\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -h

@findex -h

Display help and exit

ETEXI

DEF("version", 0, QEMU_OPTION_version,

    "-version        display version information and exit\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -version

@findex -version

Display version information and exit

ETEXI

DEF("machine", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_machine, \

    "-machine [type=]name[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"

    "                selects emulated machine (-machine ? for list)\n"

    "                property accel=accel1[:accel2[:...]] selects accelerator\n"

    "                supported accelerators are kvm, xen, tcg (default: tcg)\n"

    "                kernel_irqchip=on|off controls accelerated irqchip support\n"

    "                kvm_shadow_mem=size of KVM shadow MMU\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -machine [type=]@var{name}[,prop=@var{value}[,...]]

@findex -machine

Select the emulated machine by @var{name}. Use @code{-machine ?} to list

available machines. Supported machine properties are:

@table @option

@item accel=@var{accels1}[:@var{accels2}[:...]]

This is used to enable an accelerator. Depending on the target architecture,

kvm, xen, or tcg can be available. By default, tcg is used. If there is more

than one accelerator specified, the next one is used if the previous one fails

to initialize.

@item kernel_irqchip=on|off

Enables in-kernel irqchip support for the chosen accelerator when available.

@item kvm_shadow_mem=size

Defines the size of the KVM shadow MMU.

@end table

ETEXI

HXCOMM Deprecated by -machine

DEF("M", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_M, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

DEF("cpu", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_cpu,

    "-cpu cpu        select CPU (-cpu ? for list)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -cpu @var{model}

@findex -cpu

Select CPU model (-cpu ? for list and additional feature selection)

ETEXI

DEF("smp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smp,

    "-smp n[,maxcpus=cpus][,cores=cores][,threads=threads][,sockets=sockets]\n"

    "                set the number of CPUs to 'n' [default=1]\n"

    "                maxcpus= maximum number of total cpus, including\n"

    "                offline CPUs for hotplug, etc\n"

    "                cores= number of CPU cores on one socket\n"

    "                threads= number of threads on one CPU core\n"

    "                sockets= number of discrete sockets in the system\n",

        QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -smp @var{n}[,cores=@var{cores}][,threads=@var{threads}][,sockets=@var{sockets}][,maxcpus=@var{maxcpus}]

@findex -smp

Simulate an SMP system with @var{n} CPUs. On the PC target, up to 255

CPUs are supported. On Sparc32 target, Linux limits the number of usable CPUs

to 4.

For the PC target, the number of @var{cores} per socket, the number

of @var{threads} per cores and the total number of @var{sockets} can be

specified. Missing values will be computed. If any on the three values is

given, the total number of CPUs @var{n} can be omitted. @var{maxcpus}

specifies the maximum number of hotpluggable CPUs.

ETEXI

DEF("numa", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_numa,

    "-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=cpu[-cpu]][,nodeid=node]\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -numa @var{opts}

@findex -numa

Simulate a multi node NUMA system. If mem and cpus are omitted, resources

are split equally.

ETEXI

DEF("fda", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fda,

    "-fda/-fdb file  use 'file' as floppy disk 0/1 image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

DEF("fdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fdb, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -fda @var{file}

@item -fdb @var{file}

@findex -fda

@findex -fdb

Use @var{file} as floppy disk 0/1 image (@pxref{disk_images}). You can

use the host floppy by using @file{/dev/fd0} as filename (@pxref{host_drives}).

ETEXI

DEF("hda", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hda,

    "-hda/-hdb file  use 'file' as IDE hard disk 0/1 image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

DEF("hdb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdb, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

DEF("hdc", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdc,

    "-hdc/-hdd file  use 'file' as IDE hard disk 2/3 image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

DEF("hdd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_hdd, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -hda @var{file}

@item -hdb @var{file}

@item -hdc @var{file}

@item -hdd @var{file}

@findex -hda

@findex -hdb

@findex -hdc

@findex -hdd

Use @var{file} as hard disk 0, 1, 2 or 3 image (@pxref{disk_images}).

ETEXI

DEF("cdrom", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_cdrom,

    "-cdrom file     use 'file' as IDE cdrom image (cdrom is ide1 master)\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -cdrom @var{file}

@findex -cdrom

Use @var{file} as CD-ROM image (you cannot use @option{-hdc} and

@option{-cdrom} at the same time). You can use the host CD-ROM by

using @file{/dev/cdrom} as filename (@pxref{host_drives}).

ETEXI

DEF("drive", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_drive,

    "-drive [file=file][,if=type][,bus=n][,unit=m][,media=d][,index=i]\n"

    "       [,cyls=c,heads=h,secs=s[,trans=t]][,snapshot=on|off]\n"

    "       [,cache=writethrough|writeback|none|directsync|unsafe][,format=f]\n"

    "       [,serial=s][,addr=A][,id=name][,aio=threads|native]\n"

    "       [,readonly=on|off][,copy-on-read=on|off]\n"

    "       [[,bps=b]|[[,bps_rd=r][,bps_wr=w]]][[,iops=i]|[[,iops_rd=r][,iops_wr=w]]\n"

    "                use 'file' as a drive image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -drive @var{option}[,@var{option}[,@var{option}[,...]]]

@findex -drive

Define a new drive. Valid options are:

@table @option

@item file=@var{file}

This option defines which disk image (@pxref{disk_images}) to use with

this drive. If the filename contains comma, you must double it

(for instance, "file=my,,file" to use file "my,file").

Special files such as iSCSI devices can be specified using protocol

specific URLs. See the section for "Device URL Syntax" for more information.

@item if=@var{interface}

This option defines on which type on interface the drive is connected.

Available types are: ide, scsi, sd, mtd, floppy, pflash, virtio.

@item bus=@var{bus},unit=@var{unit}

These options define where is connected the drive by defining the bus number and

the unit id.

@item index=@var{index}

This option defines where is connected the drive by using an index in the list

of available connectors of a given interface type.

@item media=@var{media}

This option defines the type of the media: disk or cdrom.

@item cyls=@var{c},heads=@var{h},secs=@var{s}[,trans=@var{t}]

These options have the same definition as they have in @option{-hdachs}.

@item snapshot=@var{snapshot}

@var{snapshot} is "on" or "off" and allows to enable snapshot for given drive (see @option{-snapshot}).

@item cache=@var{cache}

@var{cache} is "none", "writeback", "unsafe", "directsync" or "writethrough" and controls how the host cache is used to access block data.

@item aio=@var{aio}

@var{aio} is "threads", or "native" and selects between pthread based disk I/O and native Linux AIO.

@item format=@var{format}

Specify which disk @var{format} will be used rather than detecting

the format.  Can be used to specifiy format=raw to avoid interpreting

an untrusted format header.

@item serial=@var{serial}

This option specifies the serial number to assign to the device.

@item addr=@var{addr}

Specify the controller's PCI address (if=virtio only).

@item werror=@var{action},rerror=@var{action}

Specify which @var{action} to take on write and read errors. Valid actions are:

"ignore" (ignore the error and try to continue), "stop" (pause QEMU),

"report" (report the error to the guest), "enospc" (pause QEMU only if the

host disk is full; report the error to the guest otherwise).

The default setting is @option{werror=enospc} and @option{rerror=report}.

@item readonly

Open drive @option{file} as read-only. Guest write attempts will fail.

@item copy-on-read=@var{copy-on-read}

@var{copy-on-read} is "on" or "off" and enables whether to copy read backing

file sectors into the image file.

@end table

By default, writethrough caching is used for all block device.  This means that

the host page cache will be used to read and write data but write notification

will be sent to the guest only when the data has been reported as written by

the storage subsystem.

Writeback caching will report data writes as completed as soon as the data is

present in the host page cache.  This is safe as long as you trust your host.

If your host crashes or loses power, then the guest may experience data

corruption.

The host page cache can be avoided entirely with @option{cache=none}.  This will

attempt to do disk IO directly to the guests memory.  QEMU may still perform

an internal copy of the data.

The host page cache can be avoided while only sending write notifications to

the guest when the data has been reported as written by the storage subsystem

using @option{cache=directsync}.

Some block drivers perform badly with @option{cache=writethrough}, most notably,

qcow2.  If performance is more important than correctness,

@option{cache=writeback} should be used with qcow2.

In case you don't care about data integrity over host failures, use

cache=unsafe. This option tells QEMU that it never needs to write any data

to the disk but can instead keeps things in cache. If anything goes wrong,

like your host losing power, the disk storage getting disconnected accidentally,

etc. you're image will most probably be rendered unusable.   When using

the @option{-snapshot} option, unsafe caching is always used.

Copy-on-read avoids accessing the same backing file sectors repeatedly and is

useful when the backing file is over a slow network.  By default copy-on-read

is off.

Instead of @option{-cdrom} you can use:

@example

qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=2,media=cdrom

@end example

Instead of @option{-hda}, @option{-hdb}, @option{-hdc}, @option{-hdd}, you can

use:

@example

qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=0,media=disk

qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=1,media=disk

qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=2,media=disk

qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=3,media=disk

@end example

You can connect a CDROM to the slave of ide0:

@example

qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom

@end example

If you don't specify the "file=" argument, you define an empty drive:

@example

qemu-system-i386 -drive if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom

@end example

You can connect a SCSI disk with unit ID 6 on the bus #0:

@example

qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,if=scsi,bus=0,unit=6

@end example

Instead of @option{-fda}, @option{-fdb}, you can use:

@example

qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=0,if=floppy

qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=1,if=floppy

@end example

By default, @var{interface} is "ide" and @var{index} is automatically

incremented:

@example

qemu-system-i386 -drive file=a -drive file=b"

@end example

is interpreted like:

@example

qemu-system-i386 -hda a -hdb b

@end example

ETEXI

DEF("set", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_set,

    "-set group.id.arg=value\n"

    "                set <arg> parameter for item <id> of type <group>\n"

    "                i.e. -set drive.$id.file=/path/to/image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -set

@findex -set

TODO

ETEXI

DEF("global", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_global,

    "-global driver.prop=value\n"

    "                set a global default for a driver property\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -global @var{driver}.@var{prop}=@var{value}

@findex -global

Set default value of @var{driver}'s property @var{prop} to @var{value}, e.g.:

@example

qemu-system-i386 -global ide-drive.physical_block_size=4096 -drive file=file,if=ide,index=0,media=disk

@end example

In particular, you can use this to set driver properties for devices which are 

created automatically by the machine model. To create a device which is not 

created automatically and set properties on it, use -@option{device}.

ETEXI

DEF("mtdblock", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_mtdblock,

    "-mtdblock file  use 'file' as on-board Flash memory image\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -mtdblock @var{file}

@findex -mtdblock

Use @var{file} as on-board Flash memory image.

ETEXI

DEF("sd", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_sd,

    "-sd file        use 'file' as SecureDigital card image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -sd @var{file}

@findex -sd

Use @var{file} as SecureDigital card image.

ETEXI

DEF("pflash", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_pflash,

    "-pflash file    use 'file' as a parallel flash image\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -pflash @var{file}

@findex -pflash

Use @var{file} as a parallel flash image.

ETEXI

DEF("boot", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_boot,

    "-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off]\n"

    "      [,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time]\n"

    "                'drives': floppy (a), hard disk (c), CD-ROM (d), network (n)\n"

    "                'sp_name': the file's name that would be passed to bios as logo picture, if menu=on\n"

    "                'sp_time': the period that splash picture last if menu=on, unit is ms\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -boot [order=@var{drives}][,once=@var{drives}][,menu=on|off][,splash=@var{sp_name}][,splash-time=@var{sp_time}]

@findex -boot

Specify boot order @var{drives} as a string of drive letters. Valid

drive letters depend on the target achitecture. The x86 PC uses: a, b

(floppy 1 and 2), c (first hard disk), d (first CD-ROM), n-p (Etherboot

from network adapter 1-4), hard disk boot is the default. To apply a

particular boot order only on the first startup, specify it via

@option{once}.

Interactive boot menus/prompts can be enabled via @option{menu=on} as far

as firmware/BIOS supports them. The default is non-interactive boot.

A splash picture could be passed to bios, enabling user to show it as logo,

when option splash=@var{sp_name} is given and menu=on, If firmware/BIOS

supports them. Currently Seabios for X86 system support it.

limitation: The splash file could be a jpeg file or a BMP file in 24 BPP

format(true color). The resolution should be supported by the SVGA mode, so

the recommended is 320x240, 640x480, 800x640.

@example

# try to boot from network first, then from hard disk

qemu-system-i386 -boot order=nc

# boot from CD-ROM first, switch back to default order after reboot

qemu-system-i386 -boot once=d

# boot with a splash picture for 5 seconds.

qemu-system-i386 -boot menu=on,splash=/root/boot.bmp,splash-time=5000

@end example

Note: The legacy format '-boot @var{drives}' is still supported but its

use is discouraged as it may be removed from future versions.

ETEXI

DEF("snapshot", 0, QEMU_OPTION_snapshot,

    "-snapshot       write to temporary files instead of disk image files\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -snapshot

@findex -snapshot

Write to temporary files instead of disk image files. In this case,

the raw disk image you use is not written back. You can however force

the write back by pressing @key{C-a s} (@pxref{disk_images}).

ETEXI

DEF("m", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_m,

    "-m megs         set virtual RAM size to megs MB [default="

    stringify(DEFAULT_RAM_SIZE) "]\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -m @var{megs}

@findex -m

Set virtual RAM size to @var{megs} megabytes. Default is 128 MiB.  Optionally,

a suffix of ``M'' or ``G'' can be used to signify a value in megabytes or

gigabytes respectively.

ETEXI

DEF("mem-path", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_mempath,

    "-mem-path FILE  provide backing storage for guest RAM\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -mem-path @var{path}

Allocate guest RAM from a temporarily created file in @var{path}.

ETEXI

#ifdef MAP_POPULATE

DEF("mem-prealloc", 0, QEMU_OPTION_mem_prealloc,

    "-mem-prealloc   preallocate guest memory (use with -mem-path)\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -mem-prealloc

Preallocate memory when using -mem-path.

ETEXI

#endif

DEF("k", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_k,

    "-k language     use keyboard layout (for example 'fr' for French)\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -k @var{language}

@findex -k

Use keyboard layout @var{language} (for example @code{fr} for

French). This option is only needed where it is not easy to get raw PC

keycodes (e.g. on Macs, with some X11 servers or with a VNC

display). You don't normally need to use it on PC/Linux or PC/Windows

hosts.

The available layouts are:

@example

ar  de-ch  es  fo     fr-ca  hu  ja  mk     no  pt-br  sv

da  en-gb  et  fr     fr-ch  is  lt  nl     pl  ru     th

de  en-us  fi  fr-be  hr     it  lv  nl-be  pt  sl     tr

@end example

The default is @code{en-us}.

ETEXI

DEF("audio-help", 0, QEMU_OPTION_audio_help,

    "-audio-help     print list of audio drivers and their options\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -audio-help

@findex -audio-help

Will show the audio subsystem help: list of drivers, tunable

parameters.

ETEXI

DEF("soundhw", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_soundhw,

    "-soundhw c1,... enable audio support\n"

    "                and only specified sound cards (comma separated list)\n"

    "                use -soundhw ? to get the list of supported cards\n"

    "                use -soundhw all to enable all of them\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -soundhw @var{card1}[,@var{card2},...] or -soundhw all

@findex -soundhw

Enable audio and selected sound hardware. Use ? to print all

available sound hardware.

@example

qemu-system-i386 -soundhw sb16,adlib disk.img

qemu-system-i386 -soundhw es1370 disk.img

qemu-system-i386 -soundhw ac97 disk.img

qemu-system-i386 -soundhw hda disk.img

qemu-system-i386 -soundhw all disk.img

qemu-system-i386 -soundhw ?

@end example

Note that Linux's i810_audio OSS kernel (for AC97) module might

require manually specifying clocking.

@example

modprobe i810_audio clocking=48000

@end example

ETEXI

DEF("balloon", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_balloon,

    "-balloon none   disable balloon device\n"

    "-balloon virtio[,addr=str]\n"

    "                enable virtio balloon device (default)\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -balloon none

@findex -balloon

Disable balloon device.

@item -balloon virtio[,addr=@var{addr}]

Enable virtio balloon device (default), optionally with PCI address

@var{addr}.

ETEXI

STEXI

@end table

ETEXI

DEF("usb", 0, QEMU_OPTION_usb,

    "-usb            enable the USB driver (will be the default soon)\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

USB options:

@table @option

@item -usb

@findex -usb

Enable the USB driver (will be the default soon)

ETEXI

DEF("usbdevice", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_usbdevice,

    "-usbdevice name add the host or guest USB device 'name'\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -usbdevice @var{devname}

@findex -usbdevice

Add the USB device @var{devname}. @xref{usb_devices}.

@table @option

@item mouse

Virtual Mouse. This will override the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated.

@item tablet

Pointer device that uses absolute coordinates (like a touchscreen). This

means QEMU is able to report the mouse position without having to grab the

mouse. Also overrides the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated.

@item disk:[format=@var{format}]:@var{file}

Mass storage device based on file. The optional @var{format} argument

will be used rather than detecting the format. Can be used to specifiy

@code{format=raw} to avoid interpreting an untrusted format header.

@item host:@var{bus}.@var{addr}

Pass through the host device identified by @var{bus}.@var{addr} (Linux only).

@item host:@var{vendor_id}:@var{product_id}

Pass through the host device identified by @var{vendor_id}:@var{product_id}

(Linux only).

@item serial:[vendorid=@var{vendor_id}][,productid=@var{product_id}]:@var{dev}

Serial converter to host character device @var{dev}, see @code{-serial} for the

available devices.

@item braille

Braille device.  This will use BrlAPI to display the braille output on a real

or fake device.

@item net:@var{options}

Network adapter that supports CDC ethernet and RNDIS protocols.

@end table

ETEXI

DEF("device", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_device,

    "-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]\n"

    "                add device (based on driver)\n"

    "                prop=value,... sets driver properties\n"

    "                use -device ? to print all possible drivers\n"

    "                use -device driver,? to print all possible properties\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -device @var{driver}[,@var{prop}[=@var{value}][,...]]

@findex -device

Add device @var{driver}.  @var{prop}=@var{value} sets driver

properties.  Valid properties depend on the driver.  To get help on

possible drivers and properties, use @code{-device ?} and

@code{-device @var{driver},?}.

ETEXI

DEFHEADING()

DEFHEADING(File system options:)

DEF("fsdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_fsdev,

    "-fsdev fsdriver,id=id[,path=path,][security_model={mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none}]\n"

    " [,writeout=immediate][,readonly][,socket=socket|sock_fd=sock_fd]\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -fsdev @var{fsdriver},id=@var{id},path=@var{path},[security_model=@var{security_model}][,writeout=@var{writeout}][,readonly][,socket=@var{socket}|sock_fd=@var{sock_fd}]

@findex -fsdev

Define a new file system device. Valid options are:

@table @option

@item @var{fsdriver}

This option specifies the fs driver backend to use.

Currently "local", "handle" and "proxy" file system drivers are supported.

@item id=@var{id}

Specifies identifier for this device

@item path=@var{path}

Specifies the export path for the file system device. Files under

this path will be available to the 9p client on the guest.

@item security_model=@var{security_model}

Specifies the security model to be used for this export path.

Supported security models are "passthrough", "mapped-xattr", "mapped-file" and "none".

In "passthrough" security model, files are stored using the same

credentials as they are created on the guest. This requires QEMU

to run as root. In "mapped-xattr" security model, some of the file

attributes like uid, gid, mode bits and link target are stored as

file attributes. For "mapped-file" these attributes are stored in the

hidden .virtfs_metadata directory. Directories exported by this security model cannot

interact with other unix tools. "none" security model is same as

passthrough except the sever won't report failures if it fails to

set file attributes like ownership. Security model is mandatory

only for local fsdriver. Other fsdrivers (like handle, proxy) don't take

security model as a parameter.

@item writeout=@var{writeout}

This is an optional argument. The only supported value is "immediate".

This means that host page cache will be used to read and write data but

write notification will be sent to the guest only when the data has been

reported as written by the storage subsystem.

@item readonly

Enables exporting 9p share as a readonly mount for guests. By default

read-write access is given.

@item socket=@var{socket}

Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket file for communicating

with virtfs-proxy-helper

@item sock_fd=@var{sock_fd}

Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket descriptor for

communicating with virtfs-proxy-helper. Usually a helper like libvirt

will create socketpair and pass one of the fds as sock_fd

@end table

-fsdev option is used along with -device driver "virtio-9p-pci".

@item -device virtio-9p-pci,fsdev=@var{id},mount_tag=@var{mount_tag}

Options for virtio-9p-pci driver are:

@table @option

@item fsdev=@var{id}

Specifies the id value specified along with -fsdev option

@item mount_tag=@var{mount_tag}

Specifies the tag name to be used by the guest to mount this export point

@end table

ETEXI

DEFHEADING()

DEFHEADING(Virtual File system pass-through options:)

DEF("virtfs", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_virtfs,

    "-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=tag,security_model=[mapped-xattr|mapped-file|passthrough|none]\n"

    "        [,writeout=immediate][,readonly][,socket=socket|sock_fd=sock_fd]\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -virtfs @var{fsdriver}[,path=@var{path}],mount_tag=@var{mount_tag}[,security_model=@var{security_model}][,writeout=@var{writeout}][,readonly][,socket=@var{socket}|sock_fd=@var{sock_fd}]

@findex -virtfs

The general form of a Virtual File system pass-through options are:

@table @option

@item @var{fsdriver}

This option specifies the fs driver backend to use.

Currently "local", "handle" and "proxy" file system drivers are supported.

@item id=@var{id}

Specifies identifier for this device

@item path=@var{path}

Specifies the export path for the file system device. Files under

this path will be available to the 9p client on the guest.

@item security_model=@var{security_model}

Specifies the security model to be used for this export path.

Supported security models are "passthrough", "mapped-xattr", "mapped-file" and "none".

In "passthrough" security model, files are stored using the same

credentials as they are created on the guest. This requires QEMU

to run as root. In "mapped-xattr" security model, some of the file

attributes like uid, gid, mode bits and link target are stored as

file attributes. For "mapped-file" these attributes are stored in the

hidden .virtfs_metadata directory. Directories exported by this security model cannot

interact with other unix tools. "none" security model is same as

passthrough except the sever won't report failures if it fails to

set file attributes like ownership. Security model is mandatory only

for local fsdriver. Other fsdrivers (like handle, proxy) don't take security

model as a parameter.

@item writeout=@var{writeout}

This is an optional argument. The only supported value is "immediate".

This means that host page cache will be used to read and write data but

write notification will be sent to the guest only when the data has been

reported as written by the storage subsystem.

@item readonly

Enables exporting 9p share as a readonly mount for guests. By default

read-write access is given.

@item socket=@var{socket}

Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket file for

communicating with virtfs-proxy-helper. Usually a helper like libvirt

will create socketpair and pass one of the fds as sock_fd

@item sock_fd

Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed 'sock_fd' as the socket

descriptor for interfacing with virtfs-proxy-helper

@end table

ETEXI

DEF("virtfs_synth", 0, QEMU_OPTION_virtfs_synth,

    "-virtfs_synth Create synthetic file system image\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -virtfs_synth

@findex -virtfs_synth

Create synthetic file system image

ETEXI

DEFHEADING()

DEF("name", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_name,

    "-name string1[,process=string2]\n"

    "                set the name of the guest\n"

    "                string1 sets the window title and string2 the process name (on Linux)\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -name @var{name}

@findex -name

Sets the @var{name} of the guest.

This name will be displayed in the SDL window caption.

The @var{name} will also be used for the VNC server.

Also optionally set the top visible process name in Linux.

ETEXI

DEF("uuid", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_uuid,

    "-uuid %08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%012x\n"

    "                specify machine UUID\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -uuid @var{uuid}

@findex -uuid

Set system UUID.

ETEXI

STEXI

@end table

ETEXI

DEFHEADING()

DEFHEADING(Display options:)

STEXI

@table @option

ETEXI

DEF("display", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_display,

    "-display sdl[,frame=on|off][,alt_grab=on|off][,ctrl_grab=on|off]\n"

    "            [,window_close=on|off]|curses|none|\n"

    "            vnc=<display>[,<optargs>]\n"

    "                select display type\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -display @var{type}

@findex -display

Select type of display to use. This option is a replacement for the

old style -sdl/-curses/... options. Valid values for @var{type} are

@table @option

@item sdl

Display video output via SDL (usually in a separate graphics

window; see the SDL documentation for other possibilities).

@item curses

Display video output via curses. For graphics device models which

support a text mode, QEMU can display this output using a

curses/ncurses interface. Nothing is displayed when the graphics

device is in graphical mode or if the graphics device does not support

a text mode. Generally only the VGA device models support text mode.

@item none

Do not display video output. The guest will still see an emulated

graphics card, but its output will not be displayed to the QEMU

user. This option differs from the -nographic option in that it

only affects what is done with video output; -nographic also changes

the destination of the serial and parallel port data.

@item vnc

Start a VNC server on display <arg>

@end table

ETEXI

DEF("nographic", 0, QEMU_OPTION_nographic,

    "-nographic      disable graphical output and redirect serial I/Os to console\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -nographic

@findex -nographic

Normally, QEMU uses SDL to display the VGA output. With this option,

you can totally disable graphical output so that QEMU is a simple

command line application. The emulated serial port is redirected on

the console. Therefore, you can still use QEMU to debug a Linux kernel

with a serial console.

ETEXI

DEF("curses", 0, QEMU_OPTION_curses,

    "-curses         use a curses/ncurses interface instead of SDL\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -curses

@findex curses

Normally, QEMU uses SDL to display the VGA output.  With this option,

QEMU can display the VGA output when in text mode using a

curses/ncurses interface.  Nothing is displayed in graphical mode.

ETEXI

DEF("no-frame", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_frame,

    "-no-frame       open SDL window without a frame and window decorations\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -no-frame

@findex -no-frame

Do not use decorations for SDL windows and start them using the whole

available screen space. This makes the using QEMU in a dedicated desktop

workspace more convenient.

ETEXI

DEF("alt-grab", 0, QEMU_OPTION_alt_grab,

    "-alt-grab       use Ctrl-Alt-Shift to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt)\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -alt-grab

@findex -alt-grab

Use Ctrl-Alt-Shift to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt). Note that this also

affects the special keys (for fullscreen, monitor-mode switching, etc).

ETEXI

DEF("ctrl-grab", 0, QEMU_OPTION_ctrl_grab,

    "-ctrl-grab      use Right-Ctrl to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt)\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -ctrl-grab

@findex -ctrl-grab

Use Right-Ctrl to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt). Note that this also

affects the special keys (for fullscreen, monitor-mode switching, etc).

ETEXI

DEF("no-quit", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_quit,

    "-no-quit        disable SDL window close capability\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -no-quit

@findex -no-quit

Disable SDL window close capability.

ETEXI

DEF("sdl", 0, QEMU_OPTION_sdl,

    "-sdl            enable SDL\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -sdl

@findex -sdl

Enable SDL.

ETEXI

DEF("spice", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_spice,

    "-spice <args>   enable spice\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -spice @var{option}[,@var{option}[,...]]

@findex -spice

Enable the spice remote desktop protocol. Valid options are

@table @option

@item port=<nr>

Set the TCP port spice is listening on for plaintext channels.

@item addr=<addr>

Set the IP address spice is listening on.  Default is any address.

@item ipv4

@item ipv6

Force using the specified IP version.

@item password=<secret>

Set the password you need to authenticate.

@item sasl

Require that the client use SASL to authenticate with the spice.

The exact choice of authentication method used is controlled from the

system / user's SASL configuration file for the 'qemu' service. This

is typically found in /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If running QEMU as an

unprivileged user, an environment variable SASL_CONF_PATH can be used

to make it search alternate locations for the service config.

While some SASL auth methods can also provide data encryption (eg GSSAPI),

it is recommended that SASL always be combined with the 'tls' and

'x509' settings to enable use of SSL and server certificates. This

ensures a data encryption preventing compromise of authentication

credentials.

@item disable-ticketing

Allow client connects without authentication.

@item disable-copy-paste

Disable copy paste between the client and the guest.

@item tls-port=<nr>

Set the TCP port spice is listening on for encrypted channels.

@item x509-dir=<dir>

Set the x509 file directory. Expects same filenames as -vnc $display,x509=$dir

@item x509-key-file=<file>

@item x509-key-password=<file>

@item x509-cert-file=<file>

@item x509-cacert-file=<file>

@item x509-dh-key-file=<file>

The x509 file names can also be configured individually.

@item tls-ciphers=<list>

Specify which ciphers to use.

@item tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]

@item plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]

Force specific channel to be used with or without TLS encryption.  The

options can be specified multiple times to configure multiple

channels.  The special name "default" can be used to set the default

mode.  For channels which are not explicitly forced into one mode the

spice client is allowed to pick tls/plaintext as he pleases.

@item image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]

Configure image compression (lossless).

Default is auto_glz.

@item jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]

@item zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]

Configure wan image compression (lossy for slow links).

Default is auto.

@item streaming-video=[off|all|filter]

Configure video stream detection.  Default is filter.

@item agent-mouse=[on|off]

Enable/disable passing mouse events via vdagent.  Default is on.

@item playback-compression=[on|off]

Enable/disable audio stream compression (using celt 0.5.1).  Default is on.

@end table

ETEXI

DEF("portrait", 0, QEMU_OPTION_portrait,

    "-portrait       rotate graphical output 90 deg left (only PXA LCD)\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -portrait

@findex -portrait

Rotate graphical output 90 deg left (only PXA LCD).

ETEXI

DEF("rotate", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_rotate,

    "-rotate <deg>   rotate graphical output some deg left (only PXA LCD)\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -rotate

@findex -rotate

Rotate graphical output some deg left (only PXA LCD).

ETEXI

DEF("vga", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_vga,

    "-vga [std|cirrus|vmware|qxl|xenfb|none]\n"

    "                select video card type\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -vga @var{type}

@findex -vga

Select type of VGA card to emulate. Valid values for @var{type} are

@table @option

@item cirrus

Cirrus Logic GD5446 Video card. All Windows versions starting from

Windows 95 should recognize and use this graphic card. For optimal

performances, use 16 bit color depth in the guest and the host OS.

(This one is the default)

@item std

Standard VGA card with Bochs VBE extensions.  If your guest OS

supports the VESA 2.0 VBE extensions (e.g. Windows XP) and if you want

to use high resolution modes (>= 1280x1024x16) then you should use

this option.

@item vmware

VMWare SVGA-II compatible adapter. Use it if you have sufficiently

recent XFree86/XOrg server or Windows guest with a driver for this

card.

@item qxl

QXL paravirtual graphic card.  It is VGA compatible (including VESA

2.0 VBE support).  Works best with qxl guest drivers installed though.

Recommended choice when using the spice protocol.

@item none

Disable VGA card.

@end table

ETEXI

DEF("full-screen", 0, QEMU_OPTION_full_screen,

    "-full-screen    start in full screen\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -full-screen

@findex -full-screen

Start in full screen.

ETEXI

DEF("g", 1, QEMU_OPTION_g ,

    "-g WxH[xDEPTH]  Set the initial graphical resolution and depth\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_PPC | QEMU_ARCH_SPARC)

STEXI

@item -g @var{width}x@var{height}[x@var{depth}]

@findex -g

Set the initial graphical resolution and depth (PPC, SPARC only).

ETEXI

DEF("vnc", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_vnc ,

    "-vnc display    start a VNC server on display\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -vnc @var{display}[,@var{option}[,@var{option}[,...]]]

@findex -vnc

Normally, QEMU uses SDL to display the VGA output.  With this option,

you can have QEMU listen on VNC display @var{display} and redirect the VGA

display over the VNC session.  It is very useful to enable the usb

tablet device when using this option (option @option{-usbdevice

tablet}). When using the VNC display, you must use the @option{-k}

parameter to set the keyboard layout if you are not using en-us. Valid

syntax for the @var{display} is

@table @option

@item @var{host}:@var{d}

TCP connections will only be allowed from @var{host} on display @var{d}.

By convention the TCP port is 5900+@var{d}. Optionally, @var{host} can

be omitted in which case the server will accept connections from any host.

@item unix:@var{path}

Connections will be allowed over UNIX domain sockets where @var{path} is the

location of a unix socket to listen for connections on.

@item none

VNC is initialized but not started. The monitor @code{change} command

can be used to later start the VNC server.

@end table

Following the @var{display} value there may be one or more @var{option} flags

separated by commas. Valid options are

@table @option

@item reverse

Connect to a listening VNC client via a ``reverse'' connection. The

client is specified by the @var{display}. For reverse network

connections (@var{host}:@var{d},@code{reverse}), the @var{d} argument

is a TCP port number, not a display number.

@item password

Require that password based authentication is used for client connections.

The password must be set separately using the @code{change} command in the

@ref{pcsys_monitor}

@item tls

Require that client use TLS when communicating with the VNC server. This

uses anonymous TLS credentials so is susceptible to a man-in-the-middle

attack. It is recommended that this option be combined with either the

@option{x509} or @option{x509verify} options.

@item x509=@var{/path/to/certificate/dir}

Valid if @option{tls} is specified. Require that x509 credentials are used

for negotiating the TLS session. The server will send its x509 certificate

to the client. It is recommended that a password be set on the VNC server

to provide authentication of the client when this is used. The path following

this option specifies where the x509 certificates are to be loaded from.

See the @ref{vnc_security} section for details on generating certificates.

@item x509verify=@var{/path/to/certificate/dir}

Valid if @option{tls} is specified. Require that x509 credentials are used

for negotiating the TLS session. The server will send its x509 certificate

to the client, and request that the client send its own x509 certificate.

The server will validate the client's certificate against the CA certificate,

and reject clients when validation fails. If the certificate authority is

trusted, this is a sufficient authentication mechanism. You may still wish

to set a password on the VNC server as a second authentication layer. The

path following this option specifies where the x509 certificates are to

be loaded from. See the @ref{vnc_security} section for details on generating

certificates.

@item sasl

Require that the client use SASL to authenticate with the VNC server.

The exact choice of authentication method used is controlled from the

system / user's SASL configuration file for the 'qemu' service. This

is typically found in /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If running QEMU as an

unprivileged user, an environment variable SASL_CONF_PATH can be used

to make it search alternate locations for the service config.

While some SASL auth methods can also provide data encryption (eg GSSAPI),

it is recommended that SASL always be combined with the 'tls' and

'x509' settings to enable use of SSL and server certificates. This

ensures a data encryption preventing compromise of authentication

credentials. See the @ref{vnc_security} section for details on using

SASL authentication.

@item acl

Turn on access control lists for checking of the x509 client certificate

and SASL party. For x509 certs, the ACL check is made against the

certificate's distinguished name. This is something that looks like

@code{C=GB,O=ACME,L=Boston,CN=bob}. For SASL party, the ACL check is

made against the username, which depending on the SASL plugin, may

include a realm component, eg @code{bob} or @code{bob@@EXAMPLE.COM}.

When the @option{acl} flag is set, the initial access list will be

empty, with a @code{deny} policy. Thus no one will be allowed to

use the VNC server until the ACLs have been loaded. This can be

achieved using the @code{acl} monitor command.

@item lossy

Enable lossy compression methods (gradient, JPEG, ...). If this

option is set, VNC client may receive lossy framebuffer updates

depending on its encoding settings. Enabling this option can save

a lot of bandwidth at the expense of quality.

@item non-adaptive

Disable adaptive encodings. Adaptive encodings are enabled by default.

An adaptive encoding will try to detect frequently updated screen regions,

and send updates in these regions using a lossy encoding (like JPEG).

This can be really helpful to save bandwidth when playing videos. Disabling

adaptive encodings allows to restore the original static behavior of encodings

like Tight.

@item share=[allow-exclusive|force-shared|ignore]

Set display sharing policy.  'allow-exclusive' allows clients to ask

for exclusive access.  As suggested by the rfb spec this is

implemented by dropping other connections.  Connecting multiple

clients in parallel requires all clients asking for a shared session

(vncviewer: -shared switch).  This is the default.  'force-shared'

disables exclusive client access.  Useful for shared desktop sessions,

where you don't want someone forgetting specify -shared disconnect

everybody else.  'ignore' completely ignores the shared flag and

allows everybody connect unconditionally.  Doesn't conform to the rfb

spec but is traditional QEMU behavior.

@end table

ETEXI

STEXI

@end table

ETEXI

ARCHHEADING(, QEMU_ARCH_I386)

ARCHHEADING(i386 target only:, QEMU_ARCH_I386)

STEXI

@table @option

ETEXI

DEF("win2k-hack", 0, QEMU_OPTION_win2k_hack,

    "-win2k-hack     use it when installing Windows 2000 to avoid a disk full bug\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_I386)

STEXI

@item -win2k-hack

@findex -win2k-hack

Use it when installing Windows 2000 to avoid a disk full bug. After

Windows 2000 is installed, you no longer need this option (this option

slows down the IDE transfers).

ETEXI

HXCOMM Deprecated by -rtc

DEF("rtc-td-hack", 0, QEMU_OPTION_rtc_td_hack, "", QEMU_ARCH_I386)

DEF("no-fd-bootchk", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_fd_bootchk,

    "-no-fd-bootchk  disable boot signature checking for floppy disks\n",

    QEMU_ARCH_I386)

STEXI

@item -no-fd-bootchk

@findex -no-fd-bootchk

Disable boot signature checking for floppy disks in Bochs BIOS. It may

be needed to boot from old floppy disks.

TODO: check reference to Bochs BIOS.

ETEXI

DEF("no-acpi", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_acpi,

           "-no-acpi        disable ACPI\n", QEMU_ARCH_I386)

STEXI

@item -no-acpi

@findex -no-acpi

Disable ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) support. Use

it if your guest OS complains about ACPI problems (PC target machine

only).

ETEXI

DEF("no-hpet", 0, QEMU_OPTION_no_hpet,

    "-no-hpet        disable HPET\n", QEMU_ARCH_I386)

STEXI

@item -no-hpet

@findex -no-hpet

Disable HPET support.

ETEXI

DEF("acpitable", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_acpitable,

    "-acpitable [sig=str][,rev=n][,oem_id=str][,oem_table_id=str][,oem_rev=n][,asl_compiler_id=str][,asl_compiler_rev=n][,{data|file}=file1[:file2]...]\n"

    "                ACPI table description\n", QEMU_ARCH_I386)

STEXI

@item -acpitable [sig=@var{str}][,rev=@var{n}][,oem_id=@var{str}][,oem_table_id=@var{str}][,oem_rev=@var{n}] [,asl_compiler_id=@var{str}][,asl_compiler_rev=@var{n}][,data=@var{file1}[:@var{file2}]...]

@findex -acpitable

Add ACPI table with specified header fields and context from specified files.

For file=, take whole ACPI table from the specified files, including all

ACPI headers (possible overridden by other options).

For data=, only data

portion of the table is used, all header information is specified in the

command line.

ETEXI

DEF("smbios", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smbios,

    "-smbios file=binary\n"

    "                load SMBIOS entry from binary file\n"

    "-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d]\n"

    "                specify SMBIOS type 0 fields\n"

    "-smbios type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str]\n"

    "              [,uuid=uuid][,sku=str][,family=str]\n"

    "                specify SMBIOS type 1 fields\n", QEMU_ARCH_I386)

STEXI

@item -smbios file=@var{binary}

@findex -smbios

Load SMBIOS entry from binary file.

@item -smbios type=0[,vendor=@var{str}][,version=@var{str}][,date=@var{str}][,release=@var{%d.%d}]

@findex -smbios

Specify SMBIOS type 0 fields

@item -smbios type=1[,manufacturer=@var{str}][,product=@var{str}] [,version=@var{str}][,serial=@var{str}][,uuid=@var{uuid}][,sku=@var{str}] [,family=@var{str}]

Specify SMBIOS type 1 fields

ETEXI

DEFHEADING()

STEXI

@end table

ETEXI

DEFHEADING(Network options:)

STEXI

@table @option

ETEXI

HXCOMM Legacy slirp options (now moved to -net user):

#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP

DEF("tftp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_tftp, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

DEF("bootp", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_bootp, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

DEF("redir", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_redir, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

#ifndef _WIN32

DEF("smb", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_smb, "", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

#endif

#endif

DEF("net", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_net,

    "-net nic[,vlan=n][,macaddr=mac][,model=type][,name=str][,addr=str][,vectors=v]\n"

    "                create a new Network Interface Card and connect it to VLAN 'n'\n"

#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP

    "-net user[,vlan=n][,name=str][,net=addr[/mask]][,host=addr][,restrict=on|off]\n"

    "         [,hostname=host][,dhcpstart=addr][,dns=addr][,tftp=dir][,bootfile=f]\n"

    "         [,hostfwd=rule][,guestfwd=rule]"

#ifndef _WIN32

                                             "[,smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]]\n"

#endif

    "                connect the user mode network stack to VLAN 'n', configure its\n"

    "                DHCP server and enabled optional services\n"

#endif

#ifdef _WIN32

    "-net tap[,vlan=n][,name=str],ifname=name\n"

    "                connect the host TAP network interface to VLAN 'n'\n"

#else

    "-net tap[,vlan=n][,name=str][,fd=h][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile][,helper=helper][,sndbuf=nbytes][,vnet_hdr=on|off][,vhost=on|off][,vhostfd=h][,vhostforce=on|off]\n"

    "                connect the host TAP network interface to VLAN 'n' \n"

    "                use network scripts 'file' (default=" DEFAULT_NETWORK_SCRIPT ")\n"

    "                to configure it and 'dfile' (default=" DEFAULT_NETWORK_DOWN_SCRIPT ")\n"

    "                to deconfigure it\n"

    "                use '[down]script=no' to disable script execution\n"

    "                use network helper 'helper' (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_HELPER ") to\n"

    "                configure it\n"

    "                use 'fd=h' to connect to an already opened TAP interface\n"

    "                use 'sndbuf=nbytes' to limit the size of the send buffer (the\n"

    "                default is disabled 'sndbuf=0' to enable flow control set 'sndbuf=1048576')\n"

    "                use vnet_hdr=off to avoid enabling the IFF_VNET_HDR tap flag\n"

    "                use vnet_hdr=on to make the lack of IFF_VNET_HDR support an error condition\n"

    "                use vhost=on to enable experimental in kernel accelerator\n"

    "                    (only has effect for virtio guests which use MSIX)\n"

    "                use vhostforce=on to force vhost on for non-MSIX virtio guests\n"

    "                use 'vhostfd=h' to connect to an already opened vhost net device\n"

    "-net bridge[,vlan=n][,name=str][,br=bridge][,helper=helper]\n"

    "                connects a host TAP network interface to a host bridge device 'br'\n"

    "                (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_INTERFACE ") using the program 'helper'\n"

    "                (default=" DEFAULT_BRIDGE_HELPER ")\n"

#endif

    "-net socket[,vlan=n][,name=str][,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]\n"

    "                connect the vlan 'n' to another VLAN using a socket connection\n"

    "-net socket[,vlan=n][,name=str][,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]\n"

    "                connect the vlan 'n' to multicast maddr and port\n"

    "                use 'localaddr=addr' to specify the host address to send packets from\n"

    "-net socket[,vlan=n][,name=str][,fd=h][,udp=host:port][,localaddr=host:port]\n"

    "                connect the vlan 'n' to another VLAN using an UDP tunnel\n"

#ifdef CONFIG_VDE

    "-net vde[,vlan=n][,name=str][,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]\n"

    "                connect the vlan 'n' to port 'n' of a vde switch running\n"

    "                on host and listening for incoming connections on 'socketpath'.\n"

    "                Use group 'groupname' and mode 'octalmode' to change default\n"

    "                ownership and permissions for communication port.\n"

#endif

    "-net dump[,vlan=n][,file=f][,len=n]\n"

    "                dump traffic on vlan 'n' to file 'f' (max n bytes per packet)\n"

    "-net none       use it alone to have zero network devices. If no -net option\n"

    "                is provided, the default is '-net nic -net user'\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

DEF("netdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_netdev,

    "-netdev ["

#ifdef CONFIG_SLIRP

    "user|"

#endif

    "tap|"

    "bridge|"

#ifdef CONFIG_VDE

    "vde|"

#endif

    "socket],id=str[,option][,option][,...]\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)

STEXI

@item -net nic[,vlan=@var{n}][,macaddr=@var{mac}][,model=@var{type}] [,name=@var{name}][,addr=@var{addr}][,vectors=@var{v}]

@findex -net

Create a new Network Interface Card and connect it to VLAN @var{n} (@var{n}

= 0 is the default). The NIC is an e1000 by default on the PC

target. Optionally, the MAC address can be changed to @var{mac}, the

device address set to @var{addr} (PCI cards only),

and a @var{name} can be assigned for use in monitor commands.

Optionally, for PCI cards, you can specify the number @var{v} of MSI-X vectors

that the card should have; this option currently only affects virtio cards; set

@var{v} = 0 to disable MSI-X. If no @option{-net} option is specified, a single

NIC is created.  QEMU can emulate several different models of network card.

Valid values for @var{type} are

@code{virtio}, @code{i82551}, @code{i82557b}, @code{i82559er},

@code{ne2k_pci}, @code{ne2k_isa}, @code{pcnet}, @code{rtl8139},

@code{e1000}, @code{smc91c111}, @code{lance} and @code{mcf_fec}.

Not all devices are supported on all targets.  Use -net nic,model=?

for a list of available devices for your target.

@item -net user[,@var{option}][,@var{option}][,...]

Use the user mode network stack which requires no administrator

privilege to run. Valid options are:

@table @option

@item vlan=@var{n}

Connect user mode stack to VLAN @var{n} (@var{n} = 0 is the default).

@item name=@var{name}

Assign symbolic name for use in monitor commands.

@item net=@var{addr}[/@var{mask}]

Set IP network address the guest will see. Optionally specify the netmask,

either in the form a.b.c.d or as number of valid top-most bits. Default is

10.0.2.0/24.

@item host=@var{addr}

Specify the guest-visible address of the host. Default is the 2nd IP in the

guest network, i.e. x.x.x.2.

@item restrict=on|off

If this option is enabled, the guest will be isolated, i.e. it will not be

able to contact the host and no guest IP packets will be routed over the host

to the outside. This option does not affect any explicitly set forwarding rules.

@item hostname=@var{name}

Specifies the client hostname reported by the builtin DHCP server.

@item dhcpstart=@var{addr}

Specify the first of the 16 IPs the built-in DHCP server can assign. Default

is the 15th to 31st IP in the guest network, i.e. x.x.x.15 to x.x.x.31.

@item dns=@var{addr}

Specify the guest-visible address of the virtual nameserver. The address must

be different from the host address. Default is the 3rd IP in the guest network,

i.e. x.x.x.3.

@item tftp=@var{dir}

When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in TFTP

server. The files in @var{dir} will be exposed as the root of a TFTP server.

The TFTP client on the guest must be configured in binary mode (use the command

@code{bin} of the Unix TFTP client).

@item bootfile=@var{file}

When using the user mode network stack, broadcast @var{file} as the BOOTP

filename. In conjunction with @option{tftp}, this can be used to network boot

a guest from a local directory.

Example (using pxelinux):

@example

qemu-system-i386 -hda linux.img -boot n -net user,tftp=/path/to/tftp/files,bootfile=/pxelinux.0

@end example

@item smb=@var{dir}[,smbserver=@var{addr}]

When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in SMB

server so that Windows OSes can access to the host files in @file{@var{dir}}

transparently. The IP address of the SMB server can be set to @var{addr}. By

default the 4th IP in the guest network is used, i.e. x.x.x.4.

In the guest Windows OS, the line:

@example

10.0.2.4 smbserver

@end example

must be added in the file @file{C:\WINDOWS\LMHOSTS} (for windows 9x/Me)

or @file{C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC\LMHOSTS} (Windows NT/2000).

Then @file{@var{dir}} can be accessed in @file{\\smbserver\qemu}.

Note that a SAMBA server must be installed on the host OS.

QEMU was tested successfully with smbd versions from Red Hat 9,

Fedora Core 3 and OpenSUSE 11.x.

@item hostfwd=[tcp|udp]:[@var{hostaddr}]:@var{hostport}-[@var{guestaddr}]:@var{guestport}

Redirect incoming TCP or UDP connections to the host port @var{hostport} to

the guest IP address @var{guestaddr} on guest port @var{guestport}. If

@var{guestaddr} is not specified, its value is x.x.x.15 (default first address

given by the built-in DHCP server). By specifying @var{hostaddr}, the rule can

be bound to a specific host interface. If no connection type is set, TCP is

used. This option can be given multiple times.

For example, to redirect host X11 connection from screen 1 to guest

screen 0, use the following:

@example

# on the host

qemu-system-i386 -net user,hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:6001-:6000 [...]

# this host xterm should open in the guest X11 server

xterm -display :1

@end example

To redirect telnet connections from host port 5555 to telnet port on

the guest, use the following:

@example

# on the host

qemu-system-i386 -net user,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:23 [...]

telnet localhost 5555

@end example

Then when you use on the host @code{telnet localhost 5555}, you

connect to the guest telnet server.

@item guestfwd=[tcp]:@var{server}:@var{port}-@var{dev}

Forward guest TCP connections to the IP address @var{server} on port @var{port}

to the character device @var{dev}. This option can be given multiple times.

@end table

Note: Legacy stand-alone options -tftp, -bootp, -smb and -redir are still

processed and applied to -net user. Mixing them with the new configuration

syntax gives undefined results. Their use for new applications is discouraged

as they will be removed from future versions.

@item -net tap[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}][,fd=@var{h}][,ifname=@var{name}][,script=@var{file}][,downscript=@var{dfile}][,helper=@var{helper}]

Connect the host TAP network interface @var{name} to VLAN @var{n}.

Use the network script @var{file} to configure it and the network script

@var{dfile} to deconfigure it. If @var{name} is not provided, the OS

automatically provides one. The default network configure script is

@file{/etc/qemu-ifup} and the default network deconfigure script is

@file{/etc/qemu-ifdown}. Use @option{script=no} or @option{downscript=no}

to disable script execution.

If running QEMU as an unprivileged user, use the network helper

@var{helper} to configure the TAP interface. The default network

helper executable is @file{/usr/local/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper}.

@option{fd}=@var{h} can be used to specify the handle of an already

opened host TAP interface.

Examples:

@example

#launch a QEMU instance with the default network script

qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net nic -net tap

@end example

@example

#launch a QEMU instance with two NICs, each one connected

#to a TAP device

qemu-system-i386 linux.img \

                 -net nic,vlan=0 -net tap,vlan=0,ifname=tap0 \

                 -net nic,vlan=1 -net tap,vlan=1,ifname=tap1

@end example

@example

#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to

#connect a TAP device to bridge br0

qemu-system-i386 linux.img \

                 -net nic -net tap,"helper=/usr/local/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper"

@end example

@item -net bridge[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}][,br=@var{bridge}][,helper=@var{helper}]

Connect a host TAP network interface to a host bridge device.

Use the network helper @var{helper} to configure the TAP interface and

attach it to the bridge. The default network helper executable is

@file{/usr/local/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper} and the default bridge

device is @file{br0}.

Examples:

@example

#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to

#connect a TAP device to bridge br0

qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net bridge -net nic,model=virtio

@end example

@example

#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to

#connect a TAP device to bridge qemubr0

qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net bridge,br=qemubr0 -net nic,model=virtio

@end example

@item -net socket[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}][,fd=@var{h}] [,listen=[@var{host}]:@var{port}][,connect=@var{host}:@var{port}]

Connect the VLAN @var{n} to a remote VLAN in another QEMU virtual

machine using a TCP socket connection. If @option{listen} is

specified, QEMU waits for incoming connections on @var{port}

(@var{host} is optional). @option{connect} is used to connect to

another QEMU instance using the @option{listen} option. @option{fd}=@var{h}

specifies an already opened TCP socket.

Example:

@example

# launch a first QEMU instance

qemu-system-i386 linux.img \

                 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 \

                 -net socket,listen=:1234

# connect the VLAN 0 of this instance to the VLAN 0

# of the first instance

qemu-system-i386 linux.img \

                 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:57 \

                 -net socket,connect=127.0.0.1:1234

@end example

@item -net socket[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}][,fd=@var{h}][,mcast=@var{maddr}:@var{port}[,localaddr=@var{addr}]]

Create a VLAN @var{n} shared with another QEMU virtual

machines using a UDP multicast socket, effectively making a bus for

every QEMU with same multicast address @var{maddr} and @var{port}.

NOTES:

@enumerate

@item

Several QEMU can be running on different hosts and share same bus (assuming

correct multicast setup for these hosts).

@item

mcast support is compatible with User Mode Linux (argument @option{eth@var{N}=mcast}), see

@url{http://user-mode-linux.sf.net}.

@item

Use @option{fd=h} to specify an already opened UDP multicast socket.

@end enumerate

Example:

@example

# launch one QEMU instance

qemu-system-i386 linux.img \

                 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 \

                 -net socket,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234

# launch another QEMU instance on same "bus"

qemu-system-i386 linux.img \

                 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:57 \

                 -net socket,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234

# launch yet another QEMU instance on same "bus"

qemu-system-i386 linux.img \

                 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:58 \

                 -net socket,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234

@end example

Example (User Mode Linux compat.):

@example

# launch QEMU instance (note mcast address selected

# is UML's default)

qemu-system-i386 linux.img \

                 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 \

                 -net socket,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102

# launch UML

/path/to/linux ubd0=/path/to/root_fs eth0=mcast

@end example

Example (send packets from host's 1.2.3.4):

@example

qemu-system-i386 linux.img \

                 -net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56 \

                 -net socket,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102,localaddr=1.2.3.4

@end example

@item -net vde[,vlan=@var{n}][,name=@var{name}][,sock=@var{socketpath}] [,port=@var{n}][,group=@var{groupname}][,mode=@var{octalmode}]

Connect VLAN @var{n} to PORT @var{n} of a vde switch running on host and

listening for incoming connections on @var{socketpath}. Use GROUP @var{groupname}

and MODE @var{octalmode} to change default ownership and permissions for

communication port. This option is only available if QEMU has been compiled

with vde support enabled.

Example:

@example

# launch vde switch

vde_switch -F -sock /tmp/myswitch

# launch QEMU instance

qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net nic -net vde,sock=/tmp/myswitch

@end example

@item -net dump[,vlan=@var{n}][,file=@var{file}][,len=@var{len}]

Dump network traffic on VLAN @var{n} to file @var{file} (@file{qemu-vlan0.pcap} by default).

At most @var{len} bytes (64k by default) per packet are stored. The file format is

libpcap, so it can be analyzed with tools such as tcpdump or Wireshark.