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\input texinfo @c -*- texinfo -*-
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@iftex
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@settitle QEMU CPU Emulator User Documentation
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@titlepage
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@sp 7
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@center @titlefont{QEMU CPU Emulator User Documentation}
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@sp 3
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@end titlepage
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@end iftex
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@chapter Introduction
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@section Features
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QEMU is a FAST! processor emulator using dynamic translation to
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achieve good emulation speed.
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QEMU has two operating modes:
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@itemize @minus
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@item 
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Full system emulation. In this mode, QEMU emulates a full system (for
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example a PC), including a processor and various peripherials. It can
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be used to launch different Operating Systems without rebooting the
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PC or to debug system code.
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@item 
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User mode emulation (Linux host only). In this mode, QEMU can launch
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Linux processes compiled for one CPU on another CPU. It can be used to
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launch the Wine Windows API emulator (@url{http://www.winehq.org}) or
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to ease cross-compilation and cross-debugging.
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@end itemize
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As QEMU requires no host kernel driver to run, it is very safe and
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easy to use.
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For system emulation, only the x86 PC emulator is currently
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usable. The PowerPC system emulator is being developped.
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For user emulation, x86, PowerPC, ARM, and SPARC CPUs are supported.
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@chapter Installation
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@section Linux
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If you want to compile QEMU, please read the @file{README} which gives
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the related information. Otherwise just download the binary
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distribution (@file{qemu-XXX-i386.tar.gz}) and untar it as root in
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@file{/}:
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@example
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su
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cd /
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tar zxvf /tmp/qemu-XXX-i386.tar.gz
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@end example
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@section Windows
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w
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@itemize
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@item Install the current versions of MSYS and MinGW from
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@url{http://www.mingw.org/}. You can find detailed installation
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instructions in the download section and the FAQ.
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@item Download 
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the MinGW development library of SDL 1.2.x
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(@file{SDL-devel-1.2.x-mingw32.tar.gz}) from
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@url{http://www.libsdl.org}. Unpack it in a temporary place, and
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unpack the archive @file{i386-mingw32msvc.tar.gz} in the MinGW tool
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directory. Edit the @file{sdl-config} script so that it gives the
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correct SDL directory when invoked.
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@item Extract the current version of QEMU.
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@item Start the MSYS shell (file @file{msys.bat}).
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@item Change to the QEMU directory. Launch @file{./configure} and 
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@file{make}.  If you have problems using SDL, verify that
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@file{sdl-config} can be launched from the MSYS command line.
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@item You can install QEMU in @file{Program Files/Qemu} by typing 
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@file{make install}. Don't forget to copy @file{SDL.dll} in
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@file{Program Files/Qemu}.
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@end itemize
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@section Cross compilation for Windows with Linux
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@itemize
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@item
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Install the MinGW cross compilation tools available at
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@url{http://www.mingw.org/}.
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@item 
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Install the Win32 version of SDL (@url{http://www.libsdl.org}) by
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unpacking @file{i386-mingw32msvc.tar.gz}. Set up the PATH environment
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variable so that @file{i386-mingw32msvc-sdl-config} can be launched by
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the QEMU configuration script.
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@item 
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Configure QEMU for Windows cross compilation:
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@example
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./configure --enable-mingw32
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@end example
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If necessary, you can change the cross-prefix according to the prefix
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choosen for the MinGW tools with --cross-prefix. You can also use
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--prefix to set the Win32 install path.
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@item You can install QEMU in the installation directory by typing 
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@file{make install}. Don't forget to copy @file{SDL.dll} in the
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installation directory. 
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@end itemize
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Note: Currently, Wine does not seem able to launch
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QEMU for Win32.
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@section Mac OS X
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Mac OS X is currently not supported.
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@chapter QEMU System emulator invocation
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@section Introduction
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@c man begin DESCRIPTION
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The QEMU System emulator simulates a complete PC. 
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In order to meet specific user needs, two versions of QEMU are
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available:
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@enumerate
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@item 
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@code{qemu-fast} uses the host Memory Management Unit (MMU) to simulate 
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the x86 MMU. It is @emph{fast} but has limitations because the whole 4 GB
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address space cannot be used and some memory mapped peripherials
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cannot be emulated accurately yet. Therefore, a specific Linux kernel
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must be used (@xref{linux_compile}).
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@item 
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@code{qemu} uses a software MMU. It is about @emph{two times 
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slower} but gives a more accurate emulation. 
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@end enumerate
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QEMU emulates the following PC peripherials:
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@itemize @minus
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@item
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VGA (hardware level, including all non standard modes)
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@item
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PS/2 mouse and keyboard
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@item 
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2 IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support
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@item
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Floppy disk
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@item 
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up to 6 NE2000 network adapters
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@item
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Serial port
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@item 
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Soundblaster 16 card
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@end itemize
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@c man end
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@section Quick Start
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Download and uncompress the linux image (@file{linux.img}) and type:
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@example
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qemu linux.img
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@end example
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Linux should boot and give you a prompt.
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@section Invocation
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@example
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@c man begin SYNOPSIS
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usage: qemu [options] [disk_image]
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@c man end
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@end example
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@c man begin OPTIONS
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@var{disk_image} is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0.
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General options:
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@table @option
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@item -fda file
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@item -fdb file
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Use @var{file} as floppy disk 0/1 image (@xref{disk_images}).
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@item -hda file
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@item -hdb file
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@item -hdc file
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@item -hdd file
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Use @var{file} as hard disk 0, 1, 2 or 3 image (@xref{disk_images}).
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@item -cdrom file
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Use @var{file} as CD-ROM image (you cannot use @option{-hdc} and and
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@option{-cdrom} at the same time).
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@item -boot [a|c|d]
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Boot on floppy (a), hard disk (c) or CD-ROM (d). Hard disk boot is
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the default.
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@item -snapshot
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Write to temporary files instead of disk image files. In this case,
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the raw disk image you use is not written back. You can however force
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the write back by pressing @key{C-a s} (@xref{disk_images}). 
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@item -m megs
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Set virtual RAM size to @var{megs} megabytes.
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@item -initrd file
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Use @var{file} as initial ram disk.
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@item -nographic
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Normally, QEMU uses SDL to display the VGA output. With this option,
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you can totally disable graphical output so that QEMU is a simple
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command line application. The emulated serial port is redirected on
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the console. Therefore, you can still use QEMU to debug a Linux kernel
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with a serial console.
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@end table
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Network options:
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@table @option
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@item -n script      
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Set network init script [default=/etc/qemu-ifup]. This script is
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launched to configure the host network interface (usually tun0)
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corresponding to the virtual NE2000 card.
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@item nics n
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Simulate @var{n} network interfaces (default=1).
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@item -macaddr addr   
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Set the mac address of the first interface (the format is
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aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff in hexa). The mac address is incremented for each
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new network interface.
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@item -tun-fd fd1,...
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Assumes @var{fd} talks to tap/tun and use it. Read
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@url{http://bellard.org/qemu/tetrinet.html} to have an example of its
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use.
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@end table
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Linux boot specific. When using this options, you can use a given
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Linux kernel without installing it in the disk image. It can be useful
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for easier testing of various kernels.
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@table @option
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@item -kernel bzImage 
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Use @var{bzImage} as kernel image.
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@item -append cmdline 
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Use @var{cmdline} as kernel command line
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@item -initrd file
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Use @var{file} as initial ram disk.
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@end table
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Debug options:
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@table @option
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@item -s
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Wait gdb connection to port 1234 (@xref{gdb_usage}). 
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@item -p port
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Change gdb connection port.
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@item -d             
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Output log in /tmp/qemu.log
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@end table
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During emulation, if you are using the serial console, use @key{C-a h}
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to get terminal commands:
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@table @key
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@item C-a h
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Print this help
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@item C-a x    
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Exit emulatior
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@item C-a s    
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Save disk data back to file (if -snapshot)
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@item C-a b
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Send break (magic sysrq in Linux)
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@item C-a c
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Switch between console and monitor
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@item C-a C-a
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Send C-a
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@end table
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@c man end
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@ignore
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@setfilename qemu 
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@settitle QEMU System Emulator
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@c man begin SEEALSO
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The HTML documentation of QEMU for more precise information and Linux
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user mode emulator invocation.
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@c man end
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@c man begin AUTHOR
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Fabrice Bellard
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@c man end
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@end ignore
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@end ignore
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@section QEMU Monitor
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The QEMU monitor is used to give complex commands to the QEMU
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emulator. You can use it to:
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@itemize @minus
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@item
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Remove or insert removable medias images
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(such as CD-ROM or floppies)
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@item 
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Freeze/unfreeze the Virtual Machine (VM) and save or restore its state
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from a disk file.
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@item Inspect the VM state without an external debugger.
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@end itemize
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@subsection Commands
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The following commands are available:
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@table @option
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@item help or ? [cmd]
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Show the help for all commands or just for command @var{cmd}.
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@item commit  
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Commit changes to the disk images (if -snapshot is used)
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@item info subcommand 
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show various information about the system state
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@table @option
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@item info network
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show the network state
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@item info block
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show the block devices
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@item info registers
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show the cpu registers
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@item info history
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show the command line history
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@end table
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@item q or quit
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Quit the emulator.
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@item eject [-f] device
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Eject a removable media (use -f to force it).
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@item change device filename
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Change a removable media.
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@item screendump filename
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Save screen into PPM image @var{filename}.
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@item log item1[,...]
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Activate logging of the specified items to @file{/tmp/qemu.log}.
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@item savevm filename
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Save the whole virtual machine state to @var{filename}.
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@item loadvm filename
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Restore the whole virtual machine state from @var{filename}.
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@item stop
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Stop emulation.
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@item c or cont
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Resume emulation.
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@item gdbserver [port]
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Start gdbserver session (default port=1234)
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@item x/fmt addr
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Virtual memory dump starting at @var{addr}.
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@item xp /fmt addr
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Physical memory dump starting at @var{addr}.
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@var{fmt} is a format which tells the command how to format the
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data. Its syntax is: @option{/@{count@}@{format@}@{size@}}
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@table @var
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@item count 
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is the number of items to be dumped.
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@item format
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can be x (hexa), d (signed decimal), u (unsigned decimal), o (octal),
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c (char) or i (asm instruction).
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@item size
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can be b (8 bits), h (16 bits), w (32 bits) or g (64 bits)
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@end table
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Examples: 
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@itemize
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@item
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Dump 10 instructions at the current instruction pointer:
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@example 
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(qemu) x/10i $eip
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0x90107063:  ret
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0x90107064:  sti
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0x90107065:  lea    0x0(%esi,1),%esi
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0x90107069:  lea    0x0(%edi,1),%edi
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0x90107070:  ret
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0x90107071:  jmp    0x90107080
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0x90107073:  nop
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0x90107074:  nop
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0x90107075:  nop
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0x90107076:  nop
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@end example
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@item
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Dump 80 16 bit values at the start of the video memory.
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@example 
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(qemu) xp/80hx 0xb8000
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0x000b8000: 0x0b50 0x0b6c 0x0b65 0x0b78 0x0b38 0x0b36 0x0b2f 0x0b42
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0x000b8010: 0x0b6f 0x0b63 0x0b68 0x0b73 0x0b20 0x0b56 0x0b47 0x0b41
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0x000b8020: 0x0b42 0x0b69 0x0b6f 0x0b73 0x0b20 0x0b63 0x0b75 0x0b72
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0x000b8030: 0x0b72 0x0b65 0x0b6e 0x0b74 0x0b2d 0x0b63 0x0b76 0x0b73
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0x000b8040: 0x0b20 0x0b30 0x0b35 0x0b20 0x0b4e 0x0b6f 0x0b76 0x0b20
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0x000b8050: 0x0b32 0x0b30 0x0b30 0x0b33 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720
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0x000b8060: 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720
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0x000b8070: 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720
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0x000b8080: 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720
451 1f673135 bellard
0x000b8090: 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720 0x0720
452 1f673135 bellard
@end example
453 1f673135 bellard
@end itemize
454 1f673135 bellard
455 1f673135 bellard
@item p or print/fmt expr
456 1f673135 bellard
457 1f673135 bellard
Print expression value. Only the @var{format} part of @var{fmt} is
458 1f673135 bellard
used.
459 0806e3f6 bellard
460 1f673135 bellard
@end table
461 0806e3f6 bellard
462 1f673135 bellard
@subsection Integer expressions
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464 1f673135 bellard
The monitor understands integers expressions for every integer
465 1f673135 bellard
argument. You can use register names to get the value of specifics
466 1f673135 bellard
CPU registers by prefixing them with @emph{$}.
467 ec410fc9 bellard
468 1f47a922 bellard
@node disk_images
469 1f47a922 bellard
@section Disk Images
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471 1f47a922 bellard
@subsection Raw disk images
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473 1f47a922 bellard
The disk images can simply be raw images of the hard disk. You can
474 1f47a922 bellard
create them with the command:
475 1f47a922 bellard
@example
476 1f47a922 bellard
dd if=/dev/zero of=myimage bs=1024 count=mysize
477 1f47a922 bellard
@end example
478 1f47a922 bellard
where @var{myimage} is the image filename and @var{mysize} is its size
479 1f47a922 bellard
in kilobytes.
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481 1f47a922 bellard
@subsection Snapshot mode
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If you use the option @option{-snapshot}, all disk images are
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considered as read only. When sectors in written, they are written in
485 1f47a922 bellard
a temporary file created in @file{/tmp}. You can however force the
486 1f47a922 bellard
write back to the raw disk images by pressing @key{C-a s}.
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488 1f47a922 bellard
NOTE: The snapshot mode only works with raw disk images.
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490 1f47a922 bellard
@subsection Copy On Write disk images
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492 1f47a922 bellard
QEMU also supports user mode Linux
493 1f47a922 bellard
(@url{http://user-mode-linux.sourceforge.net/}) Copy On Write (COW)
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disk images. The COW disk images are much smaller than normal images
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as they store only modified sectors. They also permit the use of the
496 1f47a922 bellard
same disk image template for many users.
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498 1f47a922 bellard
To create a COW disk images, use the command:
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500 1f47a922 bellard
@example
501 0806e3f6 bellard
qemu-mkcow -f myrawimage.bin mycowimage.cow
502 1f47a922 bellard
@end example
503 1f47a922 bellard
504 1f47a922 bellard
@file{myrawimage.bin} is a raw image you want to use as original disk
505 1f47a922 bellard
image. It will never be written to.
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@file{mycowimage.cow} is the COW disk image which is created by
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@code{qemu-mkcow}. You can use it directly with the @option{-hdx}
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options. You must not modify the original raw disk image if you use
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COW images, as COW images only store the modified sectors from the raw
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disk image. QEMU stores the original raw disk image name and its
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modified time in the COW disk image so that chances of mistakes are
513 1f47a922 bellard
reduced.
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515 9d0fe224 bellard
If the raw disk image is not read-only, by pressing @key{C-a s} you
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can flush the COW disk image back into the raw disk image, as in
517 9d0fe224 bellard
snapshot mode.
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519 1f47a922 bellard
COW disk images can also be created without a corresponding raw disk
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image. It is useful to have a big initial virtual disk image without
521 1f47a922 bellard
using much disk space. Use:
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523 1f47a922 bellard
@example
524 0806e3f6 bellard
qemu-mkcow mycowimage.cow 1024
525 1f47a922 bellard
@end example
526 1f47a922 bellard
527 1f47a922 bellard
to create a 1 gigabyte empty COW disk image.
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529 1f47a922 bellard
NOTES: 
530 1f47a922 bellard
@enumerate
531 1f47a922 bellard
@item
532 1f47a922 bellard
COW disk images must be created on file systems supporting
533 1f47a922 bellard
@emph{holes} such as ext2 or ext3.
534 1f47a922 bellard
@item 
535 1f47a922 bellard
Since holes are used, the displayed size of the COW disk image is not
536 1f47a922 bellard
the real one. To know it, use the @code{ls -ls} command.
537 1f47a922 bellard
@end enumerate
538 1f47a922 bellard
539 1f673135 bellard
@section Direct Linux Boot and Network emulation
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541 1f673135 bellard
This section explains how to launch a Linux kernel inside QEMU without
542 1f673135 bellard
having to make a full bootable image. It is very useful for fast Linux
543 1f673135 bellard
kernel testing. The QEMU network configuration is also explained.
544 1f673135 bellard
545 1f673135 bellard
@enumerate
546 1f673135 bellard
@item
547 1f673135 bellard
Download the archive @file{linux-test-xxx.tar.gz} containing a Linux
548 1f673135 bellard
kernel and a disk image. 
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550 1f673135 bellard
@item Optional: If you want network support (for example to launch X11 examples), you
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must copy the script @file{qemu-ifup} in @file{/etc} and configure
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properly @code{sudo} so that the command @code{ifconfig} contained in
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@file{qemu-ifup} can be executed as root. You must verify that your host
554 1f673135 bellard
kernel supports the TUN/TAP network interfaces: the device
555 1f673135 bellard
@file{/dev/net/tun} must be present.
556 1f673135 bellard
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When network is enabled, there is a virtual network connection between
558 1f673135 bellard
the host kernel and the emulated kernel. The emulated kernel is seen
559 1f673135 bellard
from the host kernel at IP address 172.20.0.2 and the host kernel is
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seen from the emulated kernel at IP address 172.20.0.1.
561 1f673135 bellard
562 1f673135 bellard
@item Launch @code{qemu.sh}. You should have the following output:
563 1f673135 bellard
564 1f673135 bellard
@example
565 1f673135 bellard
> ./qemu.sh 
566 1f673135 bellard
Connected to host network interface: tun0
567 1f673135 bellard
Linux version 2.4.21 (bellard@voyager.localdomain) (gcc version 3.2.2 20030222 (Red Hat Linux 3.2.2-5)) #5 Tue Nov 11 18:18:53 CET 2003
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BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
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 BIOS-e801: 0000000000000000 - 000000000009f000 (usable)
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 BIOS-e801: 0000000000100000 - 0000000002000000 (usable)
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32MB LOWMEM available.
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On node 0 totalpages: 8192
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zone(0): 4096 pages.
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zone(1): 4096 pages.
575 1f673135 bellard
zone(2): 0 pages.
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Kernel command line: root=/dev/hda sb=0x220,5,1,5 ide2=noprobe ide3=noprobe ide4=noprobe ide5=noprobe console=ttyS0
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ide_setup: ide2=noprobe
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ide_setup: ide3=noprobe
579 1f673135 bellard
ide_setup: ide4=noprobe
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ide_setup: ide5=noprobe
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Initializing CPU#0
582 1f673135 bellard
Detected 2399.621 MHz processor.
583 1f673135 bellard
Console: colour EGA 80x25
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Calibrating delay loop... 4744.80 BogoMIPS
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Memory: 28872k/32768k available (1210k kernel code, 3508k reserved, 266k data, 64k init, 0k highmem)
586 1f673135 bellard
Dentry cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
587 1f673135 bellard
Inode cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
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Mount cache hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
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Buffer-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
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Page-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
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CPU: Intel Pentium Pro stepping 03
592 1f673135 bellard
Checking 'hlt' instruction... OK.
593 1f673135 bellard
POSIX conformance testing by UNIFIX
594 1f673135 bellard
Linux NET4.0 for Linux 2.4
595 1f673135 bellard
Based upon Swansea University Computer Society NET3.039
596 1f673135 bellard
Initializing RT netlink socket
597 1f673135 bellard
apm: BIOS not found.
598 1f673135 bellard
Starting kswapd
599 1f673135 bellard
Journalled Block Device driver loaded
600 1f673135 bellard
Detected PS/2 Mouse Port.
601 1f673135 bellard
pty: 256 Unix98 ptys configured
602 1f673135 bellard
Serial driver version 5.05c (2001-07-08) with no serial options enabled
603 1f673135 bellard
ttyS00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16450
604 1f673135 bellard
ne.c:v1.10 9/23/94 Donald Becker (becker@scyld.com)
605 1f673135 bellard
Last modified Nov 1, 2000 by Paul Gortmaker
606 1f673135 bellard
NE*000 ethercard probe at 0x300: 52 54 00 12 34 56
607 1f673135 bellard
eth0: NE2000 found at 0x300, using IRQ 9.
608 1f673135 bellard
RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize
609 1f673135 bellard
Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver Revision: 7.00beta4-2.4
610 1f673135 bellard
ide: Assuming 50MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx
611 1f673135 bellard
hda: QEMU HARDDISK, ATA DISK drive
612 1f673135 bellard
ide0 at 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6 on irq 14
613 1f673135 bellard
hda: attached ide-disk driver.
614 1f673135 bellard
hda: 20480 sectors (10 MB) w/256KiB Cache, CHS=20/16/63
615 1f673135 bellard
Partition check:
616 1f673135 bellard
 hda:
617 1f673135 bellard
Soundblaster audio driver Copyright (C) by Hannu Savolainen 1993-1996
618 1f673135 bellard
NET4: Linux TCP/IP 1.0 for NET4.0
619 1f673135 bellard
IP Protocols: ICMP, UDP, TCP, IGMP
620 1f673135 bellard
IP: routing cache hash table of 512 buckets, 4Kbytes
621 1f673135 bellard
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 2048 bind 4096)
622 1f673135 bellard
NET4: Unix domain sockets 1.0/SMP for Linux NET4.0.
623 1f673135 bellard
EXT2-fs warning: mounting unchecked fs, running e2fsck is recommended
624 1f673135 bellard
VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem).
625 1f673135 bellard
Freeing unused kernel memory: 64k freed
626 1f673135 bellard
 
627 1f673135 bellard
Linux version 2.4.21 (bellard@voyager.localdomain) (gcc version 3.2.2 20030222 (Red Hat Linux 3.2.2-5)) #5 Tue Nov 11 18:18:53 CET 2003
628 1f673135 bellard
 
629 1f673135 bellard
QEMU Linux test distribution (based on Redhat 9)
630 1f673135 bellard
 
631 1f673135 bellard
Type 'exit' to halt the system
632 1f673135 bellard
 
633 1f673135 bellard
sh-2.05b# 
634 1f673135 bellard
@end example
635 1f673135 bellard
636 1f673135 bellard
@item
637 1f673135 bellard
Then you can play with the kernel inside the virtual serial console. You
638 1f673135 bellard
can launch @code{ls} for example. Type @key{Ctrl-a h} to have an help
639 1f673135 bellard
about the keys you can type inside the virtual serial console. In
640 1f673135 bellard
particular, use @key{Ctrl-a x} to exit QEMU and use @key{Ctrl-a b} as
641 1f673135 bellard
the Magic SysRq key.
642 1f673135 bellard
643 1f673135 bellard
@item 
644 1f673135 bellard
If the network is enabled, launch the script @file{/etc/linuxrc} in the
645 1f673135 bellard
emulator (don't forget the leading dot):
646 1f673135 bellard
@example
647 1f673135 bellard
. /etc/linuxrc
648 1f673135 bellard
@end example
649 1f673135 bellard
650 1f673135 bellard
Then enable X11 connections on your PC from the emulated Linux: 
651 1f673135 bellard
@example
652 1f673135 bellard
xhost +172.20.0.2
653 1f673135 bellard
@end example
654 1f673135 bellard
655 1f673135 bellard
You can now launch @file{xterm} or @file{xlogo} and verify that you have
656 1f673135 bellard
a real Virtual Linux system !
657 1f673135 bellard
658 1f673135 bellard
@end enumerate
659 1f673135 bellard
660 1f673135 bellard
NOTES:
661 1f673135 bellard
@enumerate
662 1f673135 bellard
@item 
663 1f673135 bellard
A 2.5.74 kernel is also included in the archive. Just
664 1f673135 bellard
replace the bzImage in qemu.sh to try it.
665 1f673135 bellard
666 1f673135 bellard
@item 
667 1f673135 bellard
qemu-fast creates a temporary file in @var{$QEMU_TMPDIR} (@file{/tmp} is the
668 1f673135 bellard
default) containing all the simulated PC memory. If possible, try to use
669 1f673135 bellard
a temporary directory using the tmpfs filesystem to avoid too many
670 1f673135 bellard
unnecessary disk accesses.
671 1f673135 bellard
672 1f673135 bellard
@item 
673 1f673135 bellard
In order to exit cleanly from qemu, you can do a @emph{shutdown} inside
674 1f673135 bellard
qemu. qemu will automatically exit when the Linux shutdown is done.
675 1f673135 bellard
676 1f673135 bellard
@item 
677 1f673135 bellard
You can boot slightly faster by disabling the probe of non present IDE
678 1f673135 bellard
interfaces. To do so, add the following options on the kernel command
679 1f673135 bellard
line:
680 1f673135 bellard
@example
681 1f673135 bellard
ide1=noprobe ide2=noprobe ide3=noprobe ide4=noprobe ide5=noprobe
682 1f673135 bellard
@end example
683 1f673135 bellard
684 1f673135 bellard
@item 
685 1f673135 bellard
The example disk image is a modified version of the one made by Kevin
686 1f673135 bellard
Lawton for the plex86 Project (@url{www.plex86.org}).
687 1f673135 bellard
688 1f673135 bellard
@end enumerate
689 1f673135 bellard
690 0806e3f6 bellard
@node linux_compile
691 4690764b bellard
@section Linux Kernel Compilation
692 4690764b bellard
693 285dc330 bellard
You can use any linux kernel with QEMU. However, if you want to use
694 1f673135 bellard
@code{qemu-fast} to get maximum performances, you must use a modified
695 1f673135 bellard
guest kernel. If you are using a 2.6 guest kernel, you can use
696 1f673135 bellard
directly the patch @file{linux-2.6-qemu-fast.patch} made by Rusty
697 1f673135 bellard
Russel available in the QEMU source archive. Otherwise, you can make the
698 1f673135 bellard
following changes @emph{by hand} to the Linux kernel:
699 1eb20527 bellard
700 4690764b bellard
@enumerate
701 4690764b bellard
@item
702 4690764b bellard
The kernel must be mapped at 0x90000000 (the default is
703 4690764b bellard
0xc0000000). You must modify only two lines in the kernel source:
704 1eb20527 bellard
705 4690764b bellard
In @file{include/asm/page.h}, replace
706 1eb20527 bellard
@example
707 1eb20527 bellard
#define __PAGE_OFFSET           (0xc0000000)
708 1eb20527 bellard
@end example
709 1eb20527 bellard
by
710 1eb20527 bellard
@example
711 1eb20527 bellard
#define __PAGE_OFFSET           (0x90000000)
712 1eb20527 bellard
@end example
713 1eb20527 bellard
714 4690764b bellard
And in @file{arch/i386/vmlinux.lds}, replace
715 1eb20527 bellard
@example
716 1eb20527 bellard
  . = 0xc0000000 + 0x100000;
717 1eb20527 bellard
@end example
718 1eb20527 bellard
by 
719 1eb20527 bellard
@example
720 1eb20527 bellard
  . = 0x90000000 + 0x100000;
721 1eb20527 bellard
@end example
722 1eb20527 bellard
723 4690764b bellard
@item
724 4690764b bellard
If you want to enable SMP (Symmetric Multi-Processing) support, you
725 4690764b bellard
must make the following change in @file{include/asm/fixmap.h}. Replace
726 1eb20527 bellard
@example
727 4690764b bellard
#define FIXADDR_TOP	(0xffffX000UL)
728 1eb20527 bellard
@end example
729 4690764b bellard
by 
730 4690764b bellard
@example
731 4690764b bellard
#define FIXADDR_TOP	(0xa7ffX000UL)
732 4690764b bellard
@end example
733 4690764b bellard
(X is 'e' or 'f' depending on the kernel version). Although you can
734 4690764b bellard
use an SMP kernel with QEMU, it only supports one CPU.
735 1eb20527 bellard
736 4690764b bellard
@item
737 1f673135 bellard
If you are not using a 2.6 kernel as host kernel but if you use a target
738 1f673135 bellard
2.6 kernel, you must also ensure that the 'HZ' define is set to 100
739 d5a0b50c bellard
(1000 is the default) as QEMU cannot currently emulate timers at
740 1f673135 bellard
frequencies greater than 100 Hz on host Linux systems < 2.6. In
741 4690764b bellard
@file{include/asm/param.h}, replace:
742 d5a0b50c bellard
743 d5a0b50c bellard
@example
744 d5a0b50c bellard
# define HZ		1000		/* Internal kernel timer frequency */
745 d5a0b50c bellard
@end example
746 d5a0b50c bellard
by
747 d5a0b50c bellard
@example
748 d5a0b50c bellard
# define HZ		100		/* Internal kernel timer frequency */
749 d5a0b50c bellard
@end example
750 d5a0b50c bellard
751 4690764b bellard
@end enumerate
752 4690764b bellard
753 4690764b bellard
The file config-2.x.x gives the configuration of the example kernels.
754 4690764b bellard
755 4690764b bellard
Just type
756 4690764b bellard
@example
757 4690764b bellard
make bzImage
758 4690764b bellard
@end example
759 4690764b bellard
760 4690764b bellard
As you would do to make a real kernel. Then you can use with QEMU
761 4690764b bellard
exactly the same kernel as you would boot on your PC (in
762 4690764b bellard
@file{arch/i386/boot/bzImage}).
763 da415d54 bellard
764 0806e3f6 bellard
@node gdb_usage
765 da415d54 bellard
@section GDB usage
766 da415d54 bellard
767 da415d54 bellard
QEMU has a primitive support to work with gdb, so that you can do
768 0806e3f6 bellard
'Ctrl-C' while the virtual machine is running and inspect its state.
769 da415d54 bellard
770 9d4520d0 bellard
In order to use gdb, launch qemu with the '-s' option. It will wait for a
771 da415d54 bellard
gdb connection:
772 da415d54 bellard
@example
773 6c9bf893 bellard
> qemu -s -kernel arch/i386/boot/bzImage -hda root-2.4.20.img -append "root=/dev/hda"
774 da415d54 bellard
Connected to host network interface: tun0
775 da415d54 bellard
Waiting gdb connection on port 1234
776 da415d54 bellard
@end example
777 da415d54 bellard
778 da415d54 bellard
Then launch gdb on the 'vmlinux' executable:
779 da415d54 bellard
@example
780 da415d54 bellard
> gdb vmlinux
781 da415d54 bellard
@end example
782 da415d54 bellard
783 da415d54 bellard
In gdb, connect to QEMU:
784 da415d54 bellard
@example
785 6c9bf893 bellard
(gdb) target remote localhost:1234
786 da415d54 bellard
@end example
787 da415d54 bellard
788 da415d54 bellard
Then you can use gdb normally. For example, type 'c' to launch the kernel:
789 da415d54 bellard
@example
790 da415d54 bellard
(gdb) c
791 da415d54 bellard
@end example
792 da415d54 bellard
793 0806e3f6 bellard
Here are some useful tips in order to use gdb on system code:
794 0806e3f6 bellard
795 0806e3f6 bellard
@enumerate
796 0806e3f6 bellard
@item
797 0806e3f6 bellard
Use @code{info reg} to display all the CPU registers.
798 0806e3f6 bellard
@item
799 0806e3f6 bellard
Use @code{x/10i $eip} to display the code at the PC position.
800 0806e3f6 bellard
@item
801 0806e3f6 bellard
Use @code{set architecture i8086} to dump 16 bit code. Then use
802 0806e3f6 bellard
@code{x/10i $cs*16+*eip} to dump the code at the PC position.
803 0806e3f6 bellard
@end enumerate
804 0806e3f6 bellard
805 1f673135 bellard
@chapter QEMU User space emulator invocation
806 386405f7 bellard
807 1f673135 bellard
@section Quick Start
808 df0f11a0 bellard
809 1f673135 bellard
In order to launch a Linux process, QEMU needs the process executable
810 1f673135 bellard
itself and all the target (x86) dynamic libraries used by it. 
811 386405f7 bellard
812 1f673135 bellard
@itemize
813 386405f7 bellard
814 1f673135 bellard
@item On x86, you can just try to launch any process by using the native
815 1f673135 bellard
libraries:
816 386405f7 bellard
817 1f673135 bellard
@example 
818 1f673135 bellard
qemu-i386 -L / /bin/ls
819 1f673135 bellard
@end example
820 386405f7 bellard
821 1f673135 bellard
@code{-L /} tells that the x86 dynamic linker must be searched with a
822 1f673135 bellard
@file{/} prefix.
823 386405f7 bellard
824 1f673135 bellard
@item Since QEMU is also a linux process, you can launch qemu with qemu (NOTE: you can only do that if you compiled QEMU from the sources):
825 386405f7 bellard
826 1f673135 bellard
@example 
827 1f673135 bellard
qemu-i386 -L / qemu-i386 -L / /bin/ls
828 1f673135 bellard
@end example
829 386405f7 bellard
830 1f673135 bellard
@item On non x86 CPUs, you need first to download at least an x86 glibc
831 1f673135 bellard
(@file{qemu-runtime-i386-XXX-.tar.gz} on the QEMU web page). Ensure that
832 1f673135 bellard
@code{LD_LIBRARY_PATH} is not set:
833 df0f11a0 bellard
834 1f673135 bellard
@example
835 1f673135 bellard
unset LD_LIBRARY_PATH 
836 1f673135 bellard
@end example
837 1eb87257 bellard
838 1f673135 bellard
Then you can launch the precompiled @file{ls} x86 executable:
839 1eb87257 bellard
840 1f673135 bellard
@example
841 1f673135 bellard
qemu-i386 tests/i386/ls
842 1f673135 bellard
@end example
843 1f673135 bellard
You can look at @file{qemu-binfmt-conf.sh} so that
844 1f673135 bellard
QEMU is automatically launched by the Linux kernel when you try to
845 1f673135 bellard
launch x86 executables. It requires the @code{binfmt_misc} module in the
846 1f673135 bellard
Linux kernel.
847 1eb87257 bellard
848 1f673135 bellard
@item The x86 version of QEMU is also included. You can try weird things such as:
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@example
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qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/ls-i386
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@end example
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@end itemize
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@section Wine launch
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@itemize
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@item Ensure that you have a working QEMU with the x86 glibc
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distribution (see previous section). In order to verify it, you must be
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able to do:
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@example
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qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/ls-i386
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@end example
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@item Download the binary x86 Wine install
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(@file{qemu-XXX-i386-wine.tar.gz} on the QEMU web page). 
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@item Configure Wine on your account. Look at the provided script
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@file{/usr/local/qemu-i386/bin/wine-conf.sh}. Your previous
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@code{$@{HOME@}/.wine} directory is saved to @code{$@{HOME@}/.wine.org}.
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@item Then you can try the example @file{putty.exe}:
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@example
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qemu-i386 /usr/local/qemu-i386/wine/bin/wine /usr/local/qemu-i386/wine/c/Program\ Files/putty.exe
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@end example
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@end itemize
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@section Command line options
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@example
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usage: qemu-i386 [-h] [-d] [-L path] [-s size] program [arguments...]
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@end example
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@table @option
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@item -h
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Print the help
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@item -L path   
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Set the x86 elf interpreter prefix (default=/usr/local/qemu-i386)
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@item -s size
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Set the x86 stack size in bytes (default=524288)
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@end table
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Debug options:
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@table @option
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@item -d
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Activate log (logfile=/tmp/qemu.log)
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@item -p pagesize
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Act as if the host page size was 'pagesize' bytes
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@end table