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gnt-instance(8) Ganeti | Version @GANETI_VERSION@

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Name

----

gnt-instance - Ganeti instance administration

Synopsis

--------

**gnt-instance** {command} [arguments...]

DESCRIPTION

-----------

The **gnt-instance** command is used for instance administration in

the Ganeti system.

COMMANDS

--------

Creation/removal/querying

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ADD

^^^

| **add**

| {-t|\--disk-template {diskless \| file \| plain \| drbd \| rbd}}

| {\--disk=*N*: {size=*VAL*[,spindles=*VAL*] \| adopt=*LV*}[,options...]

|  \| {size=*VAL*,provider=*PROVIDER*}[,param=*value*... ][,options...]

|  \| {-s|\--os-size} *SIZE*}

| [\--no-ip-check] [\--no-name-check] [\--no-conflicts-check]

| [\--no-start] [\--no-install]

| [\--net=*N* [:options...] \| \--no-nics]

| [{-B|\--backend-parameters} *BEPARAMS*]

| [{-H|\--hypervisor-parameters} *HYPERVISOR* [: option=*value*... ]]

| [{-O|\--os-parameters} *param*=*value*... ]

| [\--file-storage-dir *dir\_path*] [\--file-driver {loop \| blktap}]

| {{-n|\--node} *node[:secondary-node]* \| {-I|\--iallocator} *name*}

| {{-o|\--os-type} *os-type*}

| [\--submit] [\--print-job-id]

| [\--ignore-ipolicy]

| {*instance*}

Creates a new instance on the specified host. The *instance* argument

must be in DNS, but depending on the bridge/routing setup, need not be

in the same network as the nodes in the cluster.

The ``disk`` option specifies the parameters for the disks of the

instance. The numbering of disks starts at zero, and at least one disk

needs to be passed. For each disk, either the size or the adoption

source needs to be given. The size is interpreted (when no unit is

given) in mebibytes. You can also use one of the suffixes *m*, *g* or

*t* to specify the exact the units used; these suffixes map to

mebibytes, gibibytes and tebibytes. Each disk can also take these

parameters (all optional):

spindles

  How many spindles (physical disks on the node) the disk should span.

mode

  The access mode. Either ``ro`` (read-only) or the default ``rw``

  (read-write).

name

   This option specifies a name for the disk, which can be used as a disk

   identifier. An instance can not have two disks with the same name.

vg

   The LVM volume group. This works only for LVM and DRBD devices.

metavg

   This options specifies a different VG for the metadata device. This

   works only for DRBD devices

When creating ExtStorage disks, also arbitrary parameters can be passed,

to the ExtStorage provider. Those parameters are passed as additional

comma separated options. Therefore, an ExtStorage disk provided by

provider ``pvdr1`` with parameters ``param1``, ``param2`` would be

passed as ``--disk 0:size=10G,provider=pvdr1,param1=val1,param2=val2``.

When using the ``adopt`` key in the disk definition, Ganeti will

reuse those volumes (instead of creating new ones) as the

instance's disks. Ganeti will rename these volumes to the standard

format, and (without installing the OS) will use them as-is for the

instance. This allows migrating instances from non-managed mode

(e.g. plain KVM with LVM) to being managed via Ganeti. Please note that

this works only for the \`plain' disk template (see below for

template details).

Alternatively, a single-disk instance can be created via the ``-s``

option which takes a single argument, the size of the disk. This is

similar to the Ganeti 1.2 version (but will only create one disk).

The minimum disk specification is therefore ``--disk 0:size=20G`` (or

``-s 20G`` when using the ``-s`` option), and a three-disk instance

can be specified as ``--disk 0:size=20G --disk 1:size=4G --disk

2:size=100G``.

The minimum information needed to specify an ExtStorage disk are the

``size`` and the ``provider``. For example:

``--disk 0:size=20G,provider=pvdr1``.

The ``--no-ip-check`` skips the checks that are done to see if the

instance's IP is not already alive (i.e. reachable from the master

node).

The ``--no-name-check`` skips the check for the instance name via

the resolver (e.g. in DNS or /etc/hosts, depending on your setup).

Since the name check is used to compute the IP address, if you pass

this option you must also pass the ``--no-ip-check`` option.

If you don't want the instance to automatically start after

creation, this is possible via the ``--no-start`` option. This will

leave the instance down until a subsequent **gnt-instance start**

command.

The NICs of the instances can be specified via the ``--net``

option. By default, one NIC is created for the instance, with a

random MAC, and set up according the the cluster level NIC

parameters. Each NIC can take these parameters (all optional):

mac

    either a value or 'generate' to generate a new unique MAC

ip

    specifies the IP address assigned to the instance from the Ganeti

    side (this is not necessarily what the instance will use, but what

    the node expects the instance to use). Note that if an IP in the

    range of a network configured with **gnt-network**\(8) is used,

    and the NIC is not already connected to it, this network has to be

    passed in the **network** parameter if this NIC is meant to be

    connected to the said network. ``--no-conflicts-check`` can be used

    to override this check. The special value **pool** causes Ganeti to

    select an IP from the the network the NIC is or will be connected to.

mode

    specifies the connection mode for this NIC: routed, bridged or

    openvswitch.

link

    in bridged or openvswitch mode specifies the interface to attach

    this NIC to, in routed mode it's intended to differentiate between

    different routing tables/instance groups (but the meaning is

    dependent on the network script, see **gnt-cluster**\(8) for more

    details). Note that openvswitch support is also hypervisor

    dependent.

network

    derives the mode and the link from the settings of the network

    which is identified by its name. If the network option is chosen,

    link and mode must not be specified. Note that the mode and link

    depend on the network-to-nodegroup connection, thus allowing

    different nodegroups to be connected to the same network in

    different ways.

name

   this option specifies a name for the NIC, which can be used as a NIC

   identifier. An instance can not have two NICs with the same name.

vlan

   in openvswitch mode specifies the VLANs that the NIC will be

   connected to. To connect as an access port use ``n`` or ``.n`` with

   **n** being the VLAN ID. To connect as an trunk port use ``:n[:n]``.

   A hybrid port can be created with ``.n:n[:n]``

Of these "mode" and "link" are NIC parameters, and inherit their

default at cluster level.  Alternatively, if no network is desired for

the instance, you can prevent the default of one NIC with the

``--no-nics`` option.

The ``-o (--os-type)`` option specifies the operating system to be

installed.  The available operating systems can be listed with

**gnt-os list**.  Passing ``--no-install`` will however skip the OS

installation, allowing a manual import if so desired. Note that the

no-installation mode will automatically disable the start-up of the

instance (without an OS, it most likely won't be able to start-up

successfully).

The ``-B (--backend-parameters)`` option specifies the backend

parameters for the instance. If no such parameters are specified, the

values are inherited from the cluster. Possible parameters are:

maxmem

    the maximum memory size of the instance; as usual, suffixes can be

    used to denote the unit, otherwise the value is taken in mebibytes

minmem

    the minimum memory size of the instance; as usual, suffixes can be

    used to denote the unit, otherwise the value is taken in mebibytes

vcpus

    the number of VCPUs to assign to the instance (if this value makes

    sense for the hypervisor)

auto\_balance

    whether the instance is considered in the N+1 cluster checks

    (enough redundancy in the cluster to survive a node failure)

always\_failover

    ``True`` or ``False``, whether the instance must be failed over

    (shut down and rebooted) always or it may be migrated (briefly

    suspended)

Note that before 2.6 Ganeti had a ``memory`` parameter, which was the

only value of memory an instance could have. With the

``maxmem``/``minmem`` change Ganeti guarantees that at least the minimum

memory is always available for an instance, but allows more memory to be

used (up to the maximum memory) should it be free.

The ``-H (--hypervisor-parameters)`` option specified the hypervisor

to use for the instance (must be one of the enabled hypervisors on the

cluster) and optionally custom parameters for this instance. If not

other options are used (i.e. the invocation is just -H *NAME*) the

instance will inherit the cluster options. The defaults below show the

cluster defaults at cluster creation time.

The possible hypervisor options are as follows:

boot\_order

    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    A string value denoting the boot order. This has different meaning

    for the Xen HVM hypervisor and for the KVM one.

    For Xen HVM, The boot order is a string of letters listing the boot

    devices, with valid device letters being:

    a

        floppy drive

    c

        hard disk

    d

        CDROM drive

    n

        network boot (PXE)

    The default is not to set an HVM boot order, which is interpreted

    as 'dc'.

    For KVM the boot order is either "floppy", "cdrom", "disk" or

    "network".  Please note that older versions of KVM couldn't netboot

    from virtio interfaces. This has been fixed in more recent versions

    and is confirmed to work at least with qemu-kvm 0.11.1. Also note

    that if you have set the ``kernel_path`` option, that will be used

    for booting, and this setting will be silently ignored.

blockdev\_prefix

    Valid for the Xen HVM and PVM hypervisors.

    Relevant to non-pvops guest kernels, in which the disk device names

    are given by the host.  Allows one to specify 'xvd', which helps run

    Red Hat based installers, driven by anaconda.

floppy\_image\_path

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    The path to a floppy disk image to attach to the instance.  This

    is useful to install Windows operating systems on Virt/IO disks

    because you can specify here the floppy for the drivers at

    installation time.

cdrom\_image\_path

    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    The path to a CDROM image to attach to the instance.

cdrom2\_image\_path

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    The path to a second CDROM image to attach to the instance.

    **NOTE**: This image can't be used to boot the system. To do that

    you have to use the 'cdrom\_image\_path' option.

nic\_type

    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    This parameter determines the way the network cards are presented

    to the instance. The possible options are:

    - rtl8139 (default for Xen HVM) (HVM & KVM)

    - ne2k\_isa (HVM & KVM)

    - ne2k\_pci (HVM & KVM)

    - i82551 (KVM)

    - i82557b (KVM)

    - i82559er (KVM)

    - pcnet (KVM)

    - e1000 (KVM)

    - paravirtual (default for KVM) (HVM & KVM)

vif\_type

    Valid for the Xen HVM hypervisor.

    This parameter specifies the vif type of the nic configuration

    of the instance. Unsetting the value leads to no type being specified

    in the configuration. Note that this parameter only takes effect when

    the 'nic_type' is not set. The possible options are:

    - ioemu

    - vif

disk\_type

    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    This parameter determines the way the disks are presented to the

    instance. The possible options are:

    - ioemu [default] (HVM & KVM)

    - ide (HVM & KVM)

    - scsi (KVM)

    - sd (KVM)

    - mtd (KVM)

    - pflash (KVM)

cdrom\_disk\_type

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    This parameter determines the way the cdroms disks are presented

    to the instance. The default behavior is to get the same value of

    the earlier parameter (disk_type). The possible options are:

    - paravirtual

    - ide

    - scsi

    - sd

    - mtd

    - pflash

vnc\_bind\_address

    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    Specifies the address that the VNC listener for this instance

    should bind to. Valid values are IPv4 addresses. Use the address

    0.0.0.0 to bind to all available interfaces (this is the default)

    or specify the address of one of the interfaces on the node to

    restrict listening to that interface.

vnc\_tls

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    A boolean option that controls whether the VNC connection is

    secured with TLS.

vnc\_x509\_path

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    If ``vnc_tls`` is enabled, this options specifies the path to the

    x509 certificate to use.

vnc\_x509\_verify

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

spice\_bind

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Specifies the address or interface on which the SPICE server will

    listen. Valid values are:

    - IPv4 addresses, including 0.0.0.0 and 127.0.0.1

    - IPv6 addresses, including :: and ::1

    - names of network interfaces

    If a network interface is specified, the SPICE server will be bound

    to one of the addresses of that interface.

spice\_ip\_version

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Specifies which version of the IP protocol should be used by the

    SPICE server.

    It is mainly intended to be used for specifying what kind of IP

    addresses should be used if a network interface with both IPv4 and

    IPv6 addresses is specified via the ``spice_bind`` parameter. In

    this case, if the ``spice_ip_version`` parameter is not used, the

    default IP version of the cluster will be used.

spice\_password\_file

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Specifies a file containing the password that must be used when

    connecting via the SPICE protocol. If the option is not specified,

    passwordless connections are allowed.

spice\_image\_compression

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Configures the SPICE lossless image compression. Valid values are:

    - auto_glz

    - auto_lz

    - quic

    - glz

    - lz

    - off

spice\_jpeg\_wan\_compression

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Configures how SPICE should use the jpeg algorithm for lossy image

    compression on slow links. Valid values are:

    - auto

    - never

    - always

spice\_zlib\_glz\_wan\_compression

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Configures how SPICE should use the zlib-glz algorithm for lossy image

    compression on slow links. Valid values are:

    - auto

    - never

    - always

spice\_streaming\_video

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Configures how SPICE should detect video streams. Valid values are:

    - off

    - all

    - filter

spice\_playback\_compression

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Configures whether SPICE should compress audio streams or not.

spice\_use\_tls

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Specifies that the SPICE server must use TLS to encrypt all the

    traffic with the client.

spice\_tls\_ciphers

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Specifies a list of comma-separated ciphers that SPICE should use

    for TLS connections. For the format, see man **cipher**\(1).

spice\_use\_vdagent

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Enables or disables passing mouse events via SPICE vdagent.

cpu\_type

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    This parameter determines the emulated cpu for the instance. If this

    parameter is empty (which is the default configuration), it will not

    be passed to KVM.

    Be aware of setting this parameter to ``"host"`` if you have nodes

    with different CPUs from each other. Live migration may stop working

    in this situation.

    For more information please refer to the KVM manual.

acpi

    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    A boolean option that specifies if the hypervisor should enable

    ACPI support for this instance. By default, ACPI is disabled.

pae

    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    A boolean option that specifies if the hypervisor should enable

    PAE support for this instance. The default is false, disabling PAE

    support.

viridian

    Valid for the Xen HVM hypervisor.

    A boolean option that specifies if the hypervisor should enable

    viridian (Hyper-V) for this instance. The default is false,

    disabling viridian support.

use\_localtime

    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    A boolean option that specifies if the instance should be started

    with its clock set to the localtime of the machine (when true) or

    to the UTC (When false). The default is false, which is useful for

    Linux/Unix machines; for Windows OSes, it is recommended to enable

    this parameter.

kernel\_path

    Valid for the Xen PVM and KVM hypervisors.

    This option specifies the path (on the node) to the kernel to boot

    the instance with. Xen PVM instances always require this, while for

    KVM if this option is empty, it will cause the machine to load the

    kernel from its disks (and the boot will be done accordingly to

    ``boot_order``).

kernel\_args

    Valid for the Xen PVM and KVM hypervisors.

    This options specifies extra arguments to the kernel that will be

    loaded. device. This is always used for Xen PVM, while for KVM it

    is only used if the ``kernel_path`` option is also specified.

    The default setting for this value is simply ``"ro"``, which

    mounts the root disk (initially) in read-only one. For example,

    setting this to single will cause the instance to start in

    single-user mode.

initrd\_path

    Valid for the Xen PVM and KVM hypervisors.

    This option specifies the path (on the node) to the initrd to boot

    the instance with. Xen PVM instances can use this always, while

    for KVM if this option is only used if the ``kernel_path`` option

    is also specified. You can pass here either an absolute filename

    (the path to the initrd) if you want to use an initrd, or use the

    format no\_initrd\_path for no initrd.

root\_path

    Valid for the Xen PVM and KVM hypervisors.

    This options specifies the name of the root device. This is always

    needed for Xen PVM, while for KVM it is only used if the

    ``kernel_path`` option is also specified.

    Please note, that if this setting is an empty string and the

    hypervisor is Xen it will not be written to the Xen configuration

    file

serial\_console

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    This boolean option specifies whether to emulate a serial console

    for the instance. Note that some versions of KVM have a bug that

    will make an instance hang when configured to use the serial console

    unless a connection is made to it within about 2 seconds of the

    instance's startup. For such case it's recommended to disable this

    option, which is enabled by default.

serial\_speed

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    This integer option specifies the speed of the serial console.

    Common values are 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600 and 115200: choose the

    one which works on your system. (The default is 38400 for historical

    reasons, but newer versions of kvm/qemu work with 115200)

disk\_cache

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    The disk cache mode. It can be either default to not pass any

    cache option to KVM, or one of the KVM cache modes: none (for

    direct I/O), writethrough (to use the host cache but report

    completion to the guest only when the host has committed the

    changes to disk) or writeback (to use the host cache and report

    completion as soon as the data is in the host cache). Note that

    there are special considerations for the cache mode depending on

    version of KVM used and disk type (always raw file under Ganeti),

    please refer to the KVM documentation for more details.

security\_model

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    The security model for kvm. Currently one of *none*, *user* or

    *pool*. Under *none*, the default, nothing is done and instances

    are run as the Ganeti daemon user (normally root).

    Under *user* kvm will drop privileges and become the user

    specified by the security\_domain parameter.

    Under *pool* a global cluster pool of users will be used, making

    sure no two instances share the same user on the same node. (this

    mode is not implemented yet)

security\_domain

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Under security model *user* the username to run the instance

    under.  It must be a valid username existing on the host.

    Cannot be set under security model *none* or *pool*.

kvm\_flag

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    If *enabled* the -enable-kvm flag is passed to kvm. If *disabled*

    -disable-kvm is passed. If unset no flag is passed, and the

    default running mode for your kvm binary will be used.

mem\_path

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    This option passes the -mem-path argument to kvm with the path (on

    the node) to the mount point of the hugetlbfs file system, along

    with the -mem-prealloc argument too.

use\_chroot

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    This boolean option determines whether to run the KVM instance in a

    chroot directory.

    If it is set to ``true``, an empty directory is created before

    starting the instance and its path is passed via the -chroot flag

    to kvm. The directory is removed when the instance is stopped.

    It is set to ``false`` by default.

migration\_downtime

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    The maximum amount of time (in ms) a KVM instance is allowed to be

    frozen during a live migration, in order to copy dirty memory

    pages. Default value is 30ms, but you may need to increase this

    value for busy instances.

    This option is only effective with kvm versions >= 87 and qemu-kvm

    versions >= 0.11.0.

cpu\_mask

    Valid for the Xen, KVM and LXC hypervisors.

    The processes belonging to the given instance are only scheduled

    on the specified CPUs.

    The format of the mask can be given in three forms. First, the word

    "all", which signifies the common case where all VCPUs can live on

    any CPU, based on the hypervisor's decisions.

    Second, a comma-separated list of CPU IDs or CPU ID ranges. The

    ranges are defined by a lower and higher boundary, separated by a

    dash, and the boundaries are inclusive. In this form, all VCPUs of

    the instance will be mapped on the selected list of CPUs. Example:

    ``0-2,5``, mapping all VCPUs (no matter how many) onto physical CPUs

    0, 1, 2 and 5.

    The last form is used for explicit control of VCPU-CPU pinnings. In

    this form, the list of VCPU mappings is given as a colon (:)

    separated list, whose elements are the possible values for the

    second or first form above. In this form, the number of elements in

    the colon-separated list _must_ equal the number of VCPUs of the

    instance.

    Example:

    .. code-block:: bash

      # Map the entire instance to CPUs 0-2

      gnt-instance modify -H cpu_mask=0-2 my-inst

      # Map vCPU 0 to physical CPU 1 and vCPU 1 to CPU 3 (assuming 2 vCPUs)

      gnt-instance modify -H cpu_mask=1:3 my-inst

      # Pin vCPU 0 to CPUs 1 or 2, and vCPU 1 to any CPU

      gnt-instance modify -H cpu_mask=1-2:all my-inst

      # Pin vCPU 0 to any CPU, vCPU 1 to CPUs 1, 3, 4 or 5, and CPU 2 to

      # CPU 0 (backslashes for escaping the comma)

      gnt-instance modify -H cpu_mask=all:1\\,3-5:0 my-inst

      # Pin entire VM to CPU 0

      gnt-instance modify -H cpu_mask=0 my-inst

      # Turn off CPU pinning (default setting)

      gnt-instance modify -H cpu_mask=all my-inst

cpu\_cap

    Valid for the Xen hypervisor.

    Set the maximum amount of cpu usage by the VM. The value is a percentage

    between 0 and (100 * number of VCPUs). Default cap is 0: unlimited.

cpu\_weight

    Valid for the Xen hypervisor.

    Set the cpu time ratio to be allocated to the VM. Valid values are

    between 1 and 65535. Default weight is 256.

usb\_mouse

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    This option specifies the usb mouse type to be used. It can be

    "mouse" or "tablet". When using VNC it's recommended to set it to

    "tablet".

keymap

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    This option specifies the keyboard mapping to be used. It is only

    needed when using the VNC console. For example: "fr" or "en-gb".

reboot\_behavior

    Valid for Xen PVM, Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    Normally if an instance reboots, the hypervisor will restart it. If

    this option is set to ``exit``, the hypervisor will treat a reboot

    as a shutdown instead.

    It is set to ``reboot`` by default.

cpu\_cores

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Number of emulated CPU cores.

cpu\_threads

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Number of emulated CPU threads.

cpu\_sockets

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Number of emulated CPU sockets.

soundhw

    Valid for the KVM and XEN hypervisors.

    Comma separated list of emulated sounds cards, or "all" to enable

    all the available ones.

cpuid

    Valid for the XEN hypervisor.

    Modify the values returned by CPUID_ instructions run within instances.

    This allows you to enable migration between nodes with different CPU

    attributes like cores, threads, hyperthreading or SS4 support by hiding

    the extra features where needed.

    See the XEN documentation for syntax and more information.

.. _CPUID: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUID

usb\_devices

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Comma separated list of usb devices. These can be emulated devices

    or passthrough ones, and each one gets passed to kvm with its own

    ``-usbdevice`` option. See the **qemu**\(1) manpage for the syntax

    of the possible components.

vga

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Emulated vga mode, passed the the kvm -vga option.

kvm\_extra

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Any other option to the KVM hypervisor, useful tweaking anything

    that Ganeti doesn't support. Note that values set with this

    parameter are split on a space character and currently don't support

    quoting.

machine\_version

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Use in case an instance must be booted with an exact type of

    machine version (due to e.g. outdated drivers). In case it's not set

    the default version supported by your version of kvm is used.

kvm\_path

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Path to the userspace KVM (or qemu) program.

vnet\_hdr

    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    This boolean option determines whether the tap devices used by the

    KVM paravirtual nics (virtio-net) will get created with VNET_HDR

    (IFF_VNET_HDR) support.

    If set to false, it effectively disables offloading on the virio-net

    interfaces, which prevents host kernel tainting and log flooding,

    when dealing with broken or malicious virtio-net drivers.

    It is set to ``true`` by default.

The ``-O (--os-parameters)`` option allows customisation of the OS

parameters. The actual parameter names and values depends on the OS

being used, but the syntax is the same key=value. For example, setting

a hypothetical ``dhcp`` parameter to yes can be achieved by::

    gnt-instance add -O dhcp=yes ...

The ``-I (--iallocator)`` option specifies the instance allocator plugin

to use (``.`` means the default allocator). If you pass in this option

the allocator will select nodes for this instance automatically, so you

don't need to pass them with the ``-n`` option. For more information

please refer to the instance allocator documentation.

The ``-t (--disk-template)`` options specifies the disk layout type

for the instance. If no disk template is specified, the default disk

template is used. The default disk template is the first in the list

of enabled disk templates, which can be adjusted cluster-wide with

``gnt-cluster modify``. The available choices for disk templates are:

diskless

    This creates an instance with no disks. Its useful for testing only

    (or other special cases).

file

    Disk devices will be regular files.

sharedfile

    Disk devices will be regulare files on a shared directory.

plain

    Disk devices will be logical volumes.

drbd

    Disk devices will be drbd (version 8.x) on top of lvm volumes.

rbd

    Disk devices will be rbd volumes residing inside a RADOS cluster.

blockdev

    Disk devices will be adopted pre-existent block devices.

ext

    Disk devices will be provided by external shared storage,

    through the ExtStorage Interface using ExtStorage providers.

The optional second value of the ``-n (--node)`` is used for the drbd

template type and specifies the remote node.

If you do not want gnt-instance to wait for the disk mirror to be

synced, use the ``--no-wait-for-sync`` option.

The ``--file-storage-dir`` specifies the relative path under the

cluster-wide file storage directory to store file-based disks. It is

useful for having different subdirectories for different

instances. The full path of the directory where the disk files are

stored will consist of cluster-wide file storage directory + optional

subdirectory + instance name. This option is only relevant for

instances using the file storage backend.

The ``--file-driver`` specifies the driver to use for file-based

disks. Note that currently these drivers work with the xen hypervisor

only. This option is only relevant for instances using the file

storage backend. The available choices are:

loop

    Kernel loopback driver. This driver uses loopback devices to

    access the filesystem within the file. However, running I/O

    intensive applications in your instance using the loop driver

    might result in slowdowns. Furthermore, if you use the loopback

    driver consider increasing the maximum amount of loopback devices

    (on most systems it's 8) using the max\_loop param.

blktap

    The blktap driver (for Xen hypervisors). In order to be able to

    use the blktap driver you should check if the 'blktapctrl' user

    space disk agent is running (usually automatically started via

    xend).  This user-level disk I/O interface has the advantage of

    better performance. Especially if you use a network file system

    (e.g. NFS) to store your instances this is the recommended choice.

If ``--ignore-ipolicy`` is given any instance policy violations occuring

during this operation are ignored.

See **ganeti**\(7) for a description of ``--submit`` and other common

options.

Example::

    # gnt-instance add -t file --disk 0:size=30g -B maxmem=512 -o debian-etch \

      -n node1.example.com --file-storage-dir=mysubdir instance1.example.com

    # gnt-instance add -t plain --disk 0:size=30g -B maxmem=1024,minmem=512 \

      -o debian-etch -n node1.example.com instance1.example.com

    # gnt-instance add -t plain --disk 0:size=30g --disk 1:size=100g,vg=san \

      -B maxmem=512 -o debian-etch -n node1.example.com instance1.example.com

    # gnt-instance add -t drbd --disk 0:size=30g -B maxmem=512 -o debian-etch \

      -n node1.example.com:node2.example.com instance2.example.com

    # gnt-instance add -t rbd --disk 0:size=30g -B maxmem=512 -o debian-etch \

      -n node1.example.com instance1.example.com

    # gnt-instance add -t ext --disk 0:size=30g,provider=pvdr1 -B maxmem=512 \

      -o debian-etch -n node1.example.com instance1.example.com

    # gnt-instance add -t ext --disk 0:size=30g,provider=pvdr1,param1=val1 \

      --disk 1:size=40g,provider=pvdr2,param2=val2,param3=val3 -B maxmem=512 \

      -o debian-etch -n node1.example.com instance1.example.com

BATCH-CREATE

^^^^^^^^^^^^

| **batch-create**

| [{-I|\--iallocator} *instance allocator*]

| {instances\_file.json}

This command (similar to the Ganeti 1.2 **batcher** tool) submits

multiple instance creation jobs based on a definition file. This

file can contain all options which are valid when adding an instance

with the exception of the ``iallocator`` field. The IAllocator is,

for optimization purposes, only allowed to be set for the whole batch

operation using the ``--iallocator`` parameter.

The instance file must be a valid-formed JSON file, containing an

array of dictionaries with instance creation parameters. All parameters

(except ``iallocator``) which are valid for the instance creation

OP code are allowed. The most important ones are:

instance\_name

    The FQDN of the new instance.

disk\_template

    The disk template to use for the instance, the same as in the

    **add** command.

disks

    Array of disk specifications. Each entry describes one disk as a

    dictionary of disk parameters.

beparams

    A dictionary of backend parameters.

hypervisor

    The hypervisor for the instance.

hvparams

    A dictionary with the hypervisor options. If not passed, the default

    hypervisor options will be inherited.

nics

    List of NICs that will be created for the instance. Each entry

    should be a dict, with mac, ip, mode and link as possible keys.

    Please don't provide the "mac, ip, mode, link" parent keys if you

    use this method for specifying NICs.

pnode, snode

    The primary and optionally the secondary node to use for the

    instance (in case an iallocator script is not used). If those

    parameters are given, they have to be given consistently for all

    instances in the batch operation.

start

    whether to start the instance

ip\_check

    Skip the check for already-in-use instance; see the description in

    the **add** command for details.

name\_check

    Skip the name check for instances; see the description in the

    **add** command for details.

file\_storage\_dir, file\_driver

    Configuration for the file disk type, see the **add** command for

    details.

A simple definition for one instance can be (with most of the

parameters taken from the cluster defaults)::

    [

      {

        "mode": "create",

        "instance_name": "instance1.example.com",

        "disk_template": "drbd",

        "os_type": "debootstrap",

        "disks": [{"size":"1024"}],

        "nics": [{}],

        "hypervisor": "xen-pvm"

      },

      {

        "mode": "create",

        "instance_name": "instance2.example.com",

        "disk_template": "drbd",

        "os_type": "debootstrap",

        "disks": [{"size":"4096", "mode": "rw", "vg": "xenvg"}],

        "nics": [{}],

        "hypervisor": "xen-hvm",

        "hvparams": {"acpi": true},

        "beparams": {"maxmem": 512, "minmem": 256}

      }

    ]

The command will display the job id for each submitted instance, as

follows::

    # gnt-instance batch-create instances.json

    Submitted jobs 37, 38

REMOVE

^^^^^^

| **remove** [\--ignore-failures] [\--shutdown-timeout=*N*] [\--submit]

| [\--print-job-id] [\--force] {*instance*}

Remove an instance. This will remove all data from the instance and

there is *no way back*. If you are not sure if you use an instance

again, use **shutdown** first and leave it in the shutdown state for a

while.

The ``--ignore-failures`` option will cause the removal to proceed

even in the presence of errors during the removal of the instance

(e.g. during the shutdown or the disk removal). If this option is not

given, the command will stop at the first error.

The ``--shutdown-timeout`` is used to specify how much time to wait

before forcing the shutdown (e.g. ``xm destroy`` in Xen, killing the

kvm process for KVM, etc.). By default two minutes are given to each

instance to stop.

The ``--force`` option is used to skip the interactive confirmation.

See **ganeti**\(7) for a description of ``--submit`` and other common

options.

Example::

    # gnt-instance remove instance1.example.com

LIST

^^^^

| **list**

| [\--no-headers] [\--separator=*SEPARATOR*] [\--units=*UNITS*] [-v]

| [{-o|\--output} *[+]FIELD,...*] [\--filter] [instance...]

Shows the currently configured instances with memory usage, disk

usage, the node they are running on, and their run status.

The ``--no-headers`` option will skip the initial header line. The

``--separator`` option takes an argument which denotes what will be

used between the output fields. Both these options are to help

scripting.

The units used to display the numeric values in the output varies,

depending on the options given. By default, the values will be

formatted in the most appropriate unit. If the ``--separator`` option

is given, then the values are shown in mebibytes to allow parsing by

scripts. In both cases, the ``--units`` option can be used to enforce

a given output unit.

The ``-v`` option activates verbose mode, which changes the display of

special field states (see **ganeti**\(7)).

The ``-o (--output)`` option takes a comma-separated list of output

fields. The available fields and their meaning are:

@QUERY_FIELDS_INSTANCE@

If the value of the option starts with the character ``+``, the new

field(s) will be added to the default list. This allows one to quickly

see the default list plus a few other fields, instead of retyping the

entire list of fields.

There is a subtle grouping about the available output fields: all

fields except for ``oper_state``, ``oper_ram``, ``oper_vcpus`` and

``status`` are configuration value and not run-time values. So if you

don't select any of the these fields, the query will be satisfied

instantly from the cluster configuration, without having to ask the

remote nodes for the data. This can be helpful for big clusters when

you only want some data and it makes sense to specify a reduced set of

output fields.

If exactly one argument is given and it appears to be a query filter

(see **ganeti**\(7)), the query result is filtered accordingly. For

ambiguous cases (e.g. a single field name as a filter) the ``--filter``

(``-F``) option forces the argument to be treated as a filter (e.g.

``gnt-instance list -F admin_state``).

The default output field list is: ``name``, ``os``, ``pnode``,

``admin_state``, ``oper_state``, ``oper_ram``.

LIST-FIELDS

^^^^^^^^^^^

**list-fields** [field...]

Lists available fields for instances.

INFO

^^^^

**info** [-s \| \--static] [\--roman] {\--all \| *instance*}

Show detailed information about the given instance(s). This is

different from **list** as it shows detailed data about the instance's

disks (especially useful for the drbd disk template).

If the option ``-s`` is used, only information available in the

configuration file is returned, without querying nodes, making the

operation faster.

Use the ``--all`` to get info about all instances, rather than

explicitly passing the ones you're interested in.

The ``--roman`` option can be used to cause envy among people who like

ancient cultures, but are stuck with non-latin-friendly cluster

virtualization technologies.

MODIFY

^^^^^^

| **modify**

| [{-H|\--hypervisor-parameters} *HYPERVISOR\_PARAMETERS*]

| [{-B|\--backend-parameters} *BACKEND\_PARAMETERS*]

| [{-m|\--runtime-memory} *SIZE*]

| [\--net add[:options...] \|

|  \--net [*N*:]add[,options...] \|

|  \--net [*ID*:]remove \|

|  \--net *ID*:modify[,options...]]

| [\--disk add:size=*SIZE*[,options...] \|

|  \--disk *N*:add,size=*SIZE*[,options...] \|

|  \--disk *N*:add,size=*SIZE*,provider=*PROVIDER*[,options...][,param=*value*... ] \|

|  \--disk *ID*:modify[,options...]

|  \--disk [*ID*:]remove]

| [{-t|\--disk-template} plain \| {-t|\--disk-template} drbd -n *new_secondary*] [\--no-wait-for-sync]

| [\--new-primary=*node*]

| [\--os-type=*OS* [\--force-variant]]

| [{-O|\--os-parameters} *param*=*value*... ]

| [\--offline \| \--online]

| [\--submit] [\--print-job-id]

| [\--ignore-ipolicy]

| {*instance*}

Modifies the memory size, number of vcpus, ip address, MAC address

and/or NIC parameters for an instance. It can also add and remove

disks and NICs to/from the instance. Note that you need to give at

least one of the arguments, otherwise the command complains.

The ``-H (--hypervisor-parameters)``, ``-B (--backend-parameters)``

and ``-O (--os-parameters)`` options specifies hypervisor, backend and

OS parameter options in the form of name=value[,...]. For details

which options can be specified, see the **add** command.

The ``-t (--disk-template)`` option will change the disk template of

the instance.  Currently only conversions between the plain and drbd

disk templates are supported, and the instance must be stopped before

attempting the conversion. When changing from the plain to the drbd

disk template, a new secondary node must be specified via the ``-n``

option. The option ``--no-wait-for-sync`` can be used when converting

to the ``drbd`` template in order to make the instance available for

startup before DRBD has finished resyncing.

The ``-m (--runtime-memory)`` option will change an instance's runtime

memory to the given size (in MB if a different suffix is not specified),

by ballooning it up or down to the new value.

The ``--disk add:size=*SIZE*,[options..]`` option adds a disk to the

instance, and ``--disk *N*:add:size=*SIZE*,[options..]`` will add a disk

to the the instance at a specific index. The available options are the

same as in the **add** command(``spindles``, ``mode``, ``name``, ``vg``,

``metavg``). Per default, gnt-instance waits for the disk mirror to sync.

If you do not want this behavior, use the ``--no-wait-for-sync`` option.

When adding an ExtStorage disk, the ``provider=*PROVIDER*`` option is

also mandatory and specifies the ExtStorage provider. Also, for

ExtStorage disks arbitrary parameters can be passed as additional comma

separated options, same as in the **add** command. The ``--disk remove``

option will remove the last disk of the instance. Use

``--disk `` *ID*``:remove`` to remove a disk by its identifier. *ID*

can be the index of the disk, the disks's name or the disks's UUID. The

``--disk *ID*:modify[,options...]`` will change the options of the disk.

Available options are:

mode

  The access mode. Either ``ro`` (read-only) or the default ``rw`` (read-write).

name

   This option specifies a name for the disk, which can be used as a disk

   identifier. An instance can not have two disks with the same name.

The ``--net *N*:add[,options..]`` will add a new network interface to

the instance. The available options are the same as in the **add**

command (``mac``, ``ip``, ``link``, ``mode``, ``network``). The

``--net *ID*,remove`` will remove the intances' NIC with *ID* identifier,

which can be the index of the NIC, the NIC's name or the NIC's UUID.

The ``--net *ID*:modify[,options..]`` option will change the parameters of

the instance network interface with the *ID* identifier.

The option ``-o (--os-type)`` will change the OS name for the instance

(without reinstallation). In case an OS variant is specified that is

not found, then by default the modification is refused, unless

``--force-variant`` is passed. An invalid OS will also be refused,

unless the ``--force`` option is given.

The option ``--new-primary`` will set the new primary node of an instance

assuming the disks have already been moved manually. Unless the ``--force``

option is given, it is verified that the instance is no longer running

on its current primary node.

The ``--online`` and ``--offline`` options are used to transition an

instance into and out of the ``offline`` state. An instance can be

turned offline only if it was previously down. The ``--online`` option

fails if the instance was not in the ``offline`` state, otherwise it

changes instance's state to ``down``. These modifications take effect

immediately.

If ``--ignore-ipolicy`` is given any instance policy violations occuring

during this operation are ignored.

See **ganeti**\(7) for a description of ``--submit`` and other common

options.

Most of the changes take effect at the next restart. If the instance is

running, there is no effect on the instance.

REINSTALL

^^^^^^^^^

| **reinstall** [{-o|\--os-type} *os-type*] [\--select-os] [-f *force*]

| [\--force-multiple]

| [\--instance \| \--node \| \--primary \| \--secondary \| \--all]

| [{-O|\--os-parameters} *OS\_PARAMETERS*] [\--submit] [\--print-job-id]

| {*instance*...}

Reinstalls the operating system on the given instance(s). The

instance(s) must be stopped when running this command. If the ``-o

(--os-type)`` is specified, the operating system is changed.

The ``--select-os`` option switches to an interactive OS reinstall.

The user is prompted to select the OS template from the list of

available OS templates. OS parameters can be overridden using ``-O

(--os-parameters)`` (more documentation for this option under the

**add** command).

Since this is a potentially dangerous command, the user will be

required to confirm this action, unless the ``-f`` flag is passed.

When multiple instances are selected (either by passing multiple

arguments or by using the ``--node``, ``--primary``, ``--secondary``

or ``--all`` options), the user must pass the ``--force-multiple``

options to skip the interactive confirmation.

See **ganeti**\(7) for a description of ``--submit`` and other common

options.

RENAME

^^^^^^

| **rename** [\--no-ip-check] [\--no-name-check] [\--submit] [\--print-job-id]

| {*instance*} {*new\_name*}

Renames the given instance. The instance must be stopped when running

this command. The requirements for the new name are the same as for

adding an instance: the new name must be resolvable and the IP it

resolves to must not be reachable (in order to prevent duplicate IPs

the next time the instance is started). The IP test can be skipped if

the ``--no-ip-check`` option is passed.

Note that you can rename an instance to its same name, to force

re-executing the os-specific rename script for that instance, if

needed.

The ``--no-name-check`` skips the check for the new instance name via

the resolver (e.g. in DNS or /etc/hosts, depending on your setup) and

that the resolved name matches the provided name. Since the name check

is used to compute the IP address, if you pass this option you must also

pass the ``--no-ip-check`` option.

See **ganeti**\(7) for a description of ``--submit`` and other common

options.

Starting/stopping/connecting to console

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

STARTUP

^^^^^^^

| **startup**

| [\--force] [\--ignore-offline]

| [\--force-multiple] [\--no-remember]

| [\--instance \| \--node \| \--primary \| \--secondary \| \--all \|

| \--tags \| \--node-tags \| \--pri-node-tags \| \--sec-node-tags]

| [{-H|\--hypervisor-parameters} ``key=value...``]

| [{-B|\--backend-parameters} ``key=value...``]

| [\--submit] [\--print-job-id] [\--paused]

| {*name*...}

Starts one or more instances, depending on the following options.  The

four available modes are:

\--instance

    will start the instances given as arguments (at least one argument

    required); this is the default selection

\--node

    will start the instances who have the given node as either primary

    or secondary

\--primary

    will start all instances whose primary node is in the list of nodes

    passed as arguments (at least one node required)

\--secondary

    will start all instances whose secondary node is in the list of

    nodes passed as arguments (at least one node required)

\--all

    will start all instances in the cluster (no arguments accepted)

\--tags

    will start all instances in the cluster with the tags given as

    arguments

\--node-tags

    will start all instances in the cluster on nodes with the tags

    given as arguments

\--pri-node-tags

    will start all instances in the cluster on primary nodes with the

    tags given as arguments

\--sec-node-tags

    will start all instances in the cluster on secondary nodes with the

    tags given as arguments

Note that although you can pass more than one selection option, the

last one wins, so in order to guarantee the desired result, don't pass

more than one such option.

Use ``--force`` to start even if secondary disks are failing.

``--ignore-offline`` can be used to ignore offline primary nodes and

mark the instance as started even if the primary is not available.

The ``--force-multiple`` will skip the interactive confirmation in the

case the more than one instance will be affected.

The ``--no-remember`` option will perform the startup but not change

the state of the instance in the configuration file (if it was stopped

before, Ganeti will still think it needs to be stopped). This can be

used for testing, or for a one shot-start where you don't want the

watcher to restart the instance if it crashes.

The ``-H (--hypervisor-parameters)`` and ``-B (--backend-parameters)``

options specify temporary hypervisor and backend parameters that can

be used to start an instance with modified parameters. They can be

useful for quick testing without having to modify an instance back and

forth, e.g.::

    # gnt-instance start -H kernel_args="single" instance1

    # gnt-instance start -B maxmem=2048 instance2

The first form will start the instance instance1 in single-user mode,

and the instance instance2 with 2GB of RAM (this time only, unless

that is the actual instance memory size already). Note that the values

override the instance parameters (and not extend them): an instance

with "kernel\_args=ro" when started with -H kernel\_args=single will

result in "single", not "ro single".

The ``--paused`` option is only valid for Xen and kvm hypervisors.  This

pauses the instance at the start of bootup, awaiting ``gnt-instance

console`` to unpause it, allowing the entire boot process to be

monitored for debugging.

See **ganeti**\(7) for a description of ``--submit`` and other common

options.

Example::

    # gnt-instance start instance1.example.com

    # gnt-instance start --node node1.example.com node2.example.com

    # gnt-instance start --all

SHUTDOWN

^^^^^^^^

| **shutdown**

| [\--timeout=*N*]

| [\--force] [\--force-multiple] [\--ignore-offline] [\--no-remember]

| [\--instance \| \--node \| \--primary \| \--secondary \| \--all \|

| \--tags \| \--node-tags \| \--pri-node-tags \| \--sec-node-tags]

| [\--submit] [\--print-job-id]

| {*name*...}

Stops one or more instances. If the instance cannot be cleanly stopped

during a hardcoded interval (currently 2 minutes), it will forcibly

stop the instance (equivalent to switching off the power on a physical

machine).

The ``--timeout`` is used to specify how much time to wait before

forcing the shutdown (e.g. ``xm destroy`` in Xen, killing the kvm

process for KVM, etc.). By default two minutes are given to each

instance to stop.

The ``--instance``, ``--node``, ``--primary``, ``--secondary``,

``--all``, ``--tags``, ``--node-tags``, ``--pri-node-tags`` and

``--sec-node-tags`` options are similar as for the **startup** command

and they influence the actual instances being shutdown.

``--ignore-offline`` can be used to ignore offline primary nodes and

force the instance to be marked as stopped. This option should be used

with care as it can lead to an inconsistent cluster state.

Use ``--force`` to be able to shutdown an instance even when it's marked

as offline. This is useful is an offline instance ends up in the

``ERROR_up`` state, for example.

The ``--no-remember`` option will perform the shutdown but not change

the state of the instance in the configuration file (if it was running

before, Ganeti will still thinks it needs to be running). This can be

useful for a cluster-wide shutdown, where some instances are marked as

up and some as down, and you don't want to change the running state:

you just need to disable the watcher, shutdown all instances with

``--no-remember``, and when the watcher is activated again it will

restore the correct runtime state for all instances.

See **ganeti**\(7) for a description of ``--submit`` and other common

options.

Example::

    # gnt-instance shutdown instance1.example.com

    # gnt-instance shutdown --all

REBOOT

^^^^^^

| **reboot**

| [{-t|\--type} *REBOOT-TYPE*]

| [\--ignore-secondaries]

| [\--shutdown-timeout=*N*]

| [\--force-multiple]

| [\--instance \| \--node \| \--primary \| \--secondary \| \--all \|

| \--tags \| \--node-tags \| \--pri-node-tags \| \--sec-node-tags]

| [\--submit] [\--print-job-id]

| [*name*...]

Reboots one or more instances. The type of reboot depends on the value

of ``-t (--type)``. A soft reboot does a hypervisor reboot, a hard reboot

does a instance stop, recreates the hypervisor config for the instance

and starts the instance. A full reboot does the equivalent of

**gnt-instance shutdown && gnt-instance startup**.  The default is

hard reboot.

For the hard reboot the option ``--ignore-secondaries`` ignores errors

for the secondary node while re-assembling the instance disks.

The ``--instance``, ``--node``, ``--primary``, ``--secondary``,

``--all``, ``--tags``, ``--node-tags``, ``--pri-node-tags`` and

``--sec-node-tags`` options are similar as for the **startup** command

and they influence the actual instances being rebooted.

The ``--shutdown-timeout`` is used to specify how much time to wait

before forcing the shutdown (xm destroy in xen, killing the kvm

process, for kvm). By default two minutes are given to each instance

to stop.

The ``--force-multiple`` will skip the interactive confirmation in the

case the more than one instance will be affected.

See **ganeti**\(7) for a description of ``--submit`` and other common

options.

Example::

    # gnt-instance reboot instance1.example.com

    # gnt-instance reboot --type=full instance1.example.com

CONSOLE

^^^^^^^

**console** [\--show-cmd] {*instance*}

Connects to the console of the given instance. If the instance is not

up, an error is returned. Use the ``--show-cmd`` option to display the

command instead of executing it.

For HVM instances, this will attempt to connect to the serial console

of the instance. To connect to the virtualized "physical" console of a

HVM instance, use a VNC client with the connection info from the

**info** command.

For Xen/kvm instances, if the instance is paused, this attempts to

unpause the instance after waiting a few seconds for the connection to

the console to be made.

Example::

    # gnt-instance console instance1.example.com

Disk management

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

REPLACE-DISKS

^^^^^^^^^^^^^

| **replace-disks** [\--submit] [\--print-job-id] [\--early-release]

| [\--ignore-ipolicy] {-p} [\--disks *idx*] {*instance*}

| **replace-disks** [\--submit] [\--print-job-id] [\--early-release]

| [\--ignore-ipolicy] {-s} [\--disks *idx*] {*instance*}

| **replace-disks** [\--submit] [\--print-job-id] [\--early-release]

| [\--ignore-ipolicy]

| {{-I\|\--iallocator} *name* \| {{-n|\--new-secondary} *node* } {*instance*}

| **replace-disks** [\--submit] [\--print-job-id] [\--early-release]

| [\--ignore-ipolicy] {-a\|\--auto} {*instance*}

This command is a generalized form for replacing disks. It is

currently only valid for the mirrored (DRBD) disk template.

The first form (when passing the ``-p`` option) will replace the disks

on the primary, while the second form (when passing the ``-s`` option

will replace the disks on the secondary node. For these two cases (as

the node doesn't change), it is possible to only run the replace for a

subset of the disks, using the option ``--disks`` which takes a list

of comma-delimited disk indices (zero-based), e.g. 0,2 to replace only

the first and third disks.

The third form (when passing either the ``--iallocator`` or the

``--new-secondary`` option) is designed to change secondary node of the

instance. Specifying ``--iallocator`` makes the new secondary be

selected automatically by the specified allocator plugin (use ``.`` to

indicate the default allocator), otherwise the new secondary node will

be the one chosen manually via the ``--new-secondary`` option.

Note that it is not possible to select an offline or drained node as a

new secondary.

The fourth form (when using ``--auto``) will automatically determine

which disks of an instance are faulty and replace them within the same

node. The ``--auto`` option works only when an instance has only

faulty disks on either the primary or secondary node; it doesn't work

when both sides have faulty disks.

The ``--early-release`` changes the code so that the old storage on

secondary node(s) is removed early (before the resync is completed)

and the internal Ganeti locks for the current (and new, if any)

secondary node are also released, thus allowing more parallelism in

the cluster operation. This should be used only when recovering from a