manpages: Fix small errors in documentation

[ganeti-local] / man / gnt-instance.rst

gnt-instance(8) Ganeti | Version @GANETI_VERSION@
=================================================

Name
----

gnt-instance - Ganeti instance administration

Synopsis
--------

**gnt-instance** {command} [arguments...]

DESCRIPTION
-----------

The **gnt-instance** command is used for instance administration in
the Ganeti system.

COMMANDS
--------

Creation/removal/querying
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ADD
^^^

| **add**
| {-t|--disk-template {diskless | file \| plain \| drbd}}
| {--disk=*N*: {size=*VAL* \| adopt=*LV*}[,vg=*VG*][,metavg=*VG*][,mode=*ro\|rw*]
|  \| {-s|--os-size} *SIZE*}
| [--no-ip-check] [--no-name-check] [--no-start] [--no-install]
| [--net=*N* [:options...] \| --no-nics]
| [{-B|--backend-parameters} *BEPARAMS*]
| [{-H|--hypervisor-parameters} *HYPERVISOR* [: option=*value*... ]]
| [{-O|--os-parameters} *param*=*value*... ]
| [--file-storage-dir *dir\_path*] [--file-driver {loop \| blktap}]
| {{-n|--node} *node[:secondary-node]* \| {-I|--iallocator} *name*}
| {{-o|--os-type} *os-type*}
| [--submit]
| {*instance*}

Creates a new instance on the specified host. The *instance* argument
must be in DNS, but depending on the bridge/routing setup, need not be
in the same network as the nodes in the cluster.

The ``disk`` option specifies the parameters for the disks of the
instance. The numbering of disks starts at zero, and at least one disk
needs to be passed. For each disk, either the size or the adoption
source needs to be given, and optionally the access mode (read-only or
the default of read-write) and the LVM volume group can also be
specified (via the ``vg`` key). For DRBD devices, a different VG can
be specified for the metadata device using the ``metavg`` key.  The
size is interpreted (when no unit is given) in mebibytes. You can also
use one of the suffixes *m*, *g* or *t* to specify the exact the units
used; these suffixes map to mebibytes, gibibytes and tebibytes.

When using the ``adopt`` key in the disk definition, Ganeti will
reuse those volumes (instead of creating new ones) as the
instance's disks. Ganeti will rename these volumes to the standard
format, and (without installing the OS) will use them as-is for the
instance. This allows migrating instances from non-managed mode
(e.g. plain KVM with LVM) to being managed via Ganeti. Please note that
this works only for the \`plain' disk template (see below for
template details).

Alternatively, a single-disk instance can be created via the ``-s``
option which takes a single argument, the size of the disk. This is
similar to the Ganeti 1.2 version (but will only create one disk).

The minimum disk specification is therefore ``--disk 0:size=20G`` (or
``-s 20G`` when using the ``-s`` option), and a three-disk instance
can be specified as ``--disk 0:size=20G --disk 1:size=4G --disk
2:size=100G``.

The ``--no-ip-check`` skips the checks that are done to see if the
instance's IP is not already alive (i.e. reachable from the master
node).

The ``--no-name-check`` skips the check for the instance name via
the resolver (e.g. in DNS or /etc/hosts, depending on your setup).
Since the name check is used to compute the IP address, if you pass
this option you must also pass the ``--no-ip-check`` option.

If you don't wat the instance to automatically start after
creation, this is possible via the ``--no-start`` option. This will
leave the instance down until a subsequent **gnt-instance start**
command.

The NICs of the instances can be specified via the ``--net``
option. By default, one NIC is created for the instance, with a
random MAC, and set up according the the cluster level nic
parameters. Each NIC can take these parameters (all optional):

mac
    either a value or 'generate' to generate a new unique MAC

ip
    specifies the IP address assigned to the instance from the Ganeti
    side (this is not necessarily what the instance will use, but what
    the node expects the instance to use)

mode
    specifies the connection mode for this nic: routed or bridged.

link
    in bridged mode specifies the bridge to attach this NIC to, in
    routed mode it's intended to differentiate between different
    routing tables/instance groups (but the meaning is dependent on
    the network script, see gnt-cluster(8) for more details)


Of these "mode" and "link" are nic parameters, and inherit their
default at cluster level.  Alternatively, if no network is desired for
the instance, you can prevent the default of one NIC with the
``--no-nics`` option.

The ``-o (--os-type)`` option specifies the operating system to be
installed.  The available operating systems can be listed with
**gnt-os list**.  Passing ``--no-install`` will however skip the OS
installation, allowing a manual import if so desired. Note that the
no-installation mode will automatically disable the start-up of the
instance (without an OS, it most likely won't be able to start-up
successfully).

The ``-B (--backend-parameters)`` option specifies the backend
parameters for the instance. If no such parameters are specified, the
values are inherited from the cluster. Possible parameters are:

maxmem
    the maximum memory size of the instance; as usual, suffixes can be
    used to denote the unit, otherwise the value is taken in mebibytes

minmem
    the minimum memory size of the instance; as usual, suffixes can be
    used to denote the unit, otherwise the value is taken in mebibytes

vcpus
    the number of VCPUs to assign to the instance (if this value makes
    sense for the hypervisor)

auto\_balance
    whether the instance is considered in the N+1 cluster checks
    (enough redundancy in the cluster to survive a node failure)

Note that before 2.6 Ganeti had a ``memory`` parameter, which was the
only value of memory an instance could have. With the
``maxmem``/``minmem`` change Ganeti guarantees that at least the minimum
memory is always available for an instance, but allows more memory to be
used (up to the maximum memory) should it be free.

The ``-H (--hypervisor-parameters)`` option specified the hypervisor
to use for the instance (must be one of the enabled hypervisors on the
cluster) and optionally custom parameters for this instance. If not
other options are used (i.e. the invocation is just -H *NAME*) the
instance will inherit the cluster options. The defaults below show the
cluster defaults at cluster creation time.

The possible hypervisor options are as follows:

boot\_order
    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    A string value denoting the boot order. This has different meaning
    for the Xen HVM hypervisor and for the KVM one.

    For Xen HVM, The boot order is a string of letters listing the boot
    devices, with valid device letters being:

    a
        floppy drive

    c
        hard disk

    d
        CDROM drive

    n
        network boot (PXE)

    The default is not to set an HVM boot order, which is interpreted
    as 'dc'.

    For KVM the boot order is either "floppy", "cdrom", "disk" or
    "network".  Please note that older versions of KVM couldn't
    netboot from virtio interfaces. This has been fixed in more recent
    versions and is confirmed to work at least with qemu-kvm 0.11.1.

blockdev\_prefix
    Valid for the Xen HVM and PVM hypervisors.

    Relevant to non-pvops guest kernels, in which the disk device names
    are given by the host.  Allows one to specify 'xvd', which helps run
    Red Hat based installers, driven by anaconda.

floppy\_image\_path
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    The path to a floppy disk image to attach to the instance.  This
    is useful to install Windows operating systems on Virt/IO disks
    because you can specify here the floppy for the drivers at
    installation time.

cdrom\_image\_path
    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    The path to a CDROM image to attach to the instance.

cdrom2\_image\_path
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    The path to a second CDROM image to attach to the instance.
    **NOTE**: This image can't be used to boot the system. To do that
    you have to use the 'cdrom\_image\_path' option.

nic\_type
    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    This parameter determines the way the network cards are presented
    to the instance. The possible options are:

    - rtl8139 (default for Xen HVM) (HVM & KVM)
    - ne2k\_isa (HVM & KVM)
    - ne2k\_pci (HVM & KVM)
    - i82551 (KVM)
    - i82557b (KVM)
    - i82559er (KVM)
    - pcnet (KVM)
    - e1000 (KVM)
    - paravirtual (default for KVM) (HVM & KVM)

disk\_type
    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    This parameter determines the way the disks are presented to the
    instance. The possible options are:

    - ioemu [default] (HVM & KVM)
    - ide (HVM & KVM)
    - scsi (KVM)
    - sd (KVM)
    - mtd (KVM)
    - pflash (KVM)


cdrom\_disk\_type
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    This parameter determines the way the cdroms disks are presented
    to the instance. The default behavior is to get the same value of
    the eariler parameter (disk_type). The possible options are:

    - paravirtual
    - ide
    - scsi
    - sd
    - mtd
    - pflash


vnc\_bind\_address
    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    Specifies the address that the VNC listener for this instance
    should bind to. Valid values are IPv4 addresses. Use the address
    0.0.0.0 to bind to all available interfaces (this is the default)
    or specify the address of one of the interfaces on the node to
    restrict listening to that interface.

vnc\_tls
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    A boolean option that controls whether the VNC connection is
    secured with TLS.

vnc\_x509\_path
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    If ``vnc_tls`` is enabled, this options specifies the path to the
    x509 certificate to use.

vnc\_x509\_verify
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

spice\_bind
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Specifies the address or interface on which the SPICE server will
    listen. Valid values are:

    - IPv4 addresses, including 0.0.0.0 and 127.0.0.1
    - IPv6 addresses, including :: and ::1
    - names of network interfaces

    If a network interface is specified, the SPICE server will be bound
    to one of the addresses of that interface.

spice\_ip\_version
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Specifies which version of the IP protocol should be used by the
    SPICE server.

    It is mainly intended to be used for specifying what kind of IP
    addresses should be used if a network interface with both IPv4 and
    IPv6 addresses is specified via the ``spice_bind`` parameter. In
    this case, if the ``spice_ip_version`` parameter is not used, the
    default IP version of the cluster will be used.

spice\_password\_file
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Specifies a file containing the password that must be used when
    connecting via the SPICE protocol. If the option is not specified,
    passwordless connections are allowed.

spice\_image\_compression
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Configures the SPICE lossless image compression. Valid values are:

    - auto_glz
    - auto_lz
    - quic
    - glz
    - lz
    - off

spice\_jpeg\_wan\_compression
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Configures how SPICE should use the jpeg algorithm for lossy image
    compression on slow links. Valid values are:

    - auto
    - never
    - always

spice\_zlib\_glz\_wan\_compression
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Configures how SPICE should use the zlib-glz algorithm for lossy image
    compression on slow links. Valid values are:

    - auto
    - never
    - always

spice\_streaming\_video
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Configures how SPICE should detect video streams. Valid values are:

    - off
    - all
    - filter

spice\_playback\_compression
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Configures whether SPICE should compress audio streams or not.

spice\_use\_tls
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Specifies that the SPICE server must use TLS to encrypt all the
    traffic with the client.

spice\_tls\_ciphers
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Specifies a list of comma-separated ciphers that SPICE should use
    for TLS connections. For the format, see man cipher(1).

spice\_use\_vdagent
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Enables or disables passing mouse events via SPICE vdagent.

acpi
    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    A boolean option that specifies if the hypervisor should enable
    ACPI support for this instance. By default, ACPI is disabled.

pae
    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    A boolean option that specifies if the hypervisor should enabled
    PAE support for this instance. The default is false, disabling PAE
    support.

use\_localtime
    Valid for the Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    A boolean option that specifies if the instance should be started
    with its clock set to the localtime of the machine (when true) or
    to the UTC (When false). The default is false, which is useful for
    Linux/Unix machines; for Windows OSes, it is recommended to enable
    this parameter.

kernel\_path
    Valid for the Xen PVM and KVM hypervisors.

    This option specifies the path (on the node) to the kernel to boot
    the instance with. Xen PVM instances always require this, while
    for KVM if this option is empty, it will cause the machine to load
    the kernel from its disks.

kernel\_args
    Valid for the Xen PVM and KVM hypervisors.

    This options specifies extra arguments to the kernel that will be
    loaded. device. This is always used for Xen PVM, while for KVM it
    is only used if the ``kernel_path`` option is also specified.

    The default setting for this value is simply ``"ro"``, which
    mounts the root disk (initially) in read-only one. For example,
    setting this to single will cause the instance to start in
    single-user mode.

initrd\_path
    Valid for the Xen PVM and KVM hypervisors.

    This option specifies the path (on the node) to the initrd to boot
    the instance with. Xen PVM instances can use this always, while
    for KVM if this option is only used if the ``kernel_path`` option
    is also specified. You can pass here either an absolute filename
    (the path to the initrd) if you want to use an initrd, or use the
    format no\_initrd\_path for no initrd.

root\_path
    Valid for the Xen PVM and KVM hypervisors.

    This options specifies the name of the root device. This is always
    needed for Xen PVM, while for KVM it is only used if the
    ``kernel_path`` option is also specified.

    Please note, that if this setting is an empty string and the
    hypervisor is Xen it will not be written to the Xen configuration
    file

serial\_console
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    This boolean option specifies whether to emulate a serial console
    for the instance.

disk\_cache
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    The disk cache mode. It can be either default to not pass any
    cache option to KVM, or one of the KVM cache modes: none (for
    direct I/O), writethrough (to use the host cache but report
    completion to the guest only when the host has committed the
    changes to disk) or writeback (to use the host cache and report
    completion as soon as the data is in the host cache). Note that
    there are special considerations for the cache mode depending on
    version of KVM used and disk type (always raw file under Ganeti),
    please refer to the KVM documentation for more details.

security\_model
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    The security model for kvm. Currently one of *none*, *user* or
    *pool*. Under *none*, the default, nothing is done and instances
    are run as the Ganeti daemon user (normally root).

    Under *user* kvm will drop privileges and become the user
    specified by the security\_domain parameter.

    Under *pool* a global cluster pool of users will be used, making
    sure no two instances share the same user on the same node. (this
    mode is not implemented yet)

security\_domain
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    Under security model *user* the username to run the instance
    under.  It must be a valid username existing on the host.

    Cannot be set under security model *none* or *pool*.

kvm\_flag
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    If *enabled* the -enable-kvm flag is passed to kvm. If *disabled*
    -disable-kvm is passed. If unset no flag is passed, and the
    default running mode for your kvm binary will be used.

mem\_path
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    This option passes the -mem-path argument to kvm with the path (on
    the node) to the mount point of the hugetlbfs file system, along
    with the -mem-prealloc argument too.

use\_chroot
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    This boolean option determines wether to run the KVM instance in a
    chroot directory.

    If it is set to ``true``, an empty directory is created before
    starting the instance and its path is passed via the -chroot flag
    to kvm. The directory is removed when the instance is stopped.

    It is set to ``false`` by default.

migration\_downtime
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    The maximum amount of time (in ms) a KVM instance is allowed to be
    frozen during a live migration, in order to copy dirty memory
    pages. Default value is 30ms, but you may need to increase this
    value for busy instances.

    This option is only effective with kvm versions >= 87 and qemu-kvm
    versions >= 0.11.0.

cpu\_mask
    Valid for the LXC hypervisor.

    The processes belonging to the given instance are only scheduled
    on the specified CPUs.

    The parameter format is a comma-separated list of CPU IDs or CPU
    ID ranges. The ranges are defined by a lower and higher boundary,
    separated by a dash. The boundaries are inclusive.

usb\_mouse
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    This option specifies the usb mouse type to be used. It can be
    "mouse" or "tablet". When using VNC it's recommended to set it to
    "tablet".

keymap
    Valid for the KVM hypervisor.

    This option specifies the keyboard mapping to be used. It is only
    needed when using the VNC console. For example: "fr" or "en-gb".

reboot\_behavior
    Valid for Xen PVM, Xen HVM and KVM hypervisors.

    Normally if an instance reboots, the hypervisor will restart it. If
    this option is set to ``exit``, the hypervisor will treat a reboot
    as a shutdown instead.

    It is set to ``reboot`` by default.


The ``-O (--os-parameters)`` option allows customisation of the OS
parameters. The actual parameter names and values depends on the OS
being used, but the syntax is the same key=value. For example, setting
a hypothetical ``dhcp`` parameter to yes can be achieved by::

    gnt-instance add -O dhcp=yes ...

The ``-I (--iallocator)`` option specifies the instance allocator
plugin to use. If you pass in this option the allocator will select
nodes for this instance automatically, so you don't need to pass them
with the ``-n`` option. For more information please refer to the
instance allocator documentation.

The ``-t (--disk-template)`` options specifies the disk layout type
for the instance.  The available choices are:

diskless
    This creates an instance with no disks. Its useful for testing only
    (or other special cases).

file
    Disk devices will be regular files.

plain
    Disk devices will be logical volumes.

drbd
    Disk devices will be drbd (version 8.x) on top of lvm volumes.


The optional second value of the ``-n (--node)`` is used for the drbd
template type and specifies the remote node.

If you do not want gnt-instance to wait for the disk mirror to be
synced, use the ``--no-wait-for-sync`` option.

The ``--file-storage-dir`` specifies the relative path under the
cluster-wide file storage directory to store file-based disks. It is
useful for having different subdirectories for different
instances. The full path of the directory where the disk files are
stored will consist of cluster-wide file storage directory + optional
subdirectory + instance name. Example:
``@RPL_FILE_STORAGE_DIR@``*/mysubdir/instance1.example.com*. This
option is only relevant for instances using the file storage backend.

The ``--file-driver`` specifies the driver to use for file-based
disks. Note that currently these drivers work with the xen hypervisor
only. This option is only relevant for instances using the file
storage backend. The available choices are:

loop
    Kernel loopback driver. This driver uses loopback devices to
    access the filesystem within the file. However, running I/O
    intensive applications in your instance using the loop driver
    might result in slowdowns. Furthermore, if you use the loopback
    driver consider increasing the maximum amount of loopback devices
    (on most systems it's 8) using the max\_loop param.

blktap
    The blktap driver (for Xen hypervisors). In order to be able to
    use the blktap driver you should check if the 'blktapctrl' user
    space disk agent is running (usually automatically started via
    xend).  This user-level disk I/O interface has the advantage of
    better performance. Especially if you use a network file system
    (e.g. NFS) to store your instances this is the recommended choice.


The ``--submit`` option is used to send the job to the master daemon
but not wait for its completion. The job ID will be shown so that it
can be examined via **gnt-job info**.

Example::

    # gnt-instance add -t file --disk 0:size=30g -B maxmem=512 -o debian-etch \
      -n node1.example.com --file-storage-dir=mysubdir instance1.example.com
    # gnt-instance add -t plain --disk 0:size=30g -B maxmem=1024,minmem=512 \
      -o debian-etch -n node1.example.com instance1.example.com
    # gnt-instance add -t plain --disk 0:size=30g --disk 1:size=100g,vg=san \
      -B maxmem=512 -o debian-etch -n node1.example.com instance1.example.com
    # gnt-instance add -t drbd --disk 0:size=30g -B maxmem=512 -o debian-etch \
      -n node1.example.com:node2.example.com instance2.example.com


BATCH-CREATE
^^^^^^^^^^^^

**batch-create** {instances\_file.json}

This command (similar to the Ganeti 1.2 **batcher** tool) submits
multiple instance creation jobs based on a definition file. The
instance configurations do not encompass all the possible options for
the **add** command, but only a subset.

The instance file should be a valid-formed JSON file, containing a
dictionary with instance name and instance parameters. The accepted
parameters are:

disk\_size
    The size of the disks of the instance.

disk\_template
    The disk template to use for the instance, the same as in the
    **add** command.

backend
    A dictionary of backend parameters.

hypervisor
    A dictionary with a single key (the hypervisor name), and as value
    the hypervisor options. If not passed, the default hypervisor and
    hypervisor options will be inherited.

mac, ip, mode, link
    Specifications for the one NIC that will be created for the
    instance. 'bridge' is also accepted as a backwards compatibile
    key.

nics
    List of nics that will be created for the instance. Each entry
    should be a dict, with mac, ip, mode and link as possible keys.
    Please don't provide the "mac, ip, mode, link" parent keys if you
    use this method for specifying nics.

primary\_node, secondary\_node
    The primary and optionally the secondary node to use for the
    instance (in case an iallocator script is not used).

iallocator
    Instead of specifying the nodes, an iallocator script can be used
    to automatically compute them.

start
    whether to start the instance

ip\_check
    Skip the check for already-in-use instance; see the description in
    the **add** command for details.

name\_check
    Skip the name check for instances; see the description in the
    **add** command for details.

file\_storage\_dir, file\_driver
    Configuration for the file disk type, see the **add** command for
    details.


A simple definition for one instance can be (with most of the
parameters taken from the cluster defaults)::

    {
      "instance3": {
        "template": "drbd",
        "os": "debootstrap",
        "disk_size": ["25G"],
        "iallocator": "dumb"
      },
      "instance5": {
        "template": "drbd",
        "os": "debootstrap",
        "disk_size": ["25G"],
        "iallocator": "dumb",
        "hypervisor": "xen-hvm",
        "hvparams": {"acpi": true},
        "backend": {"maxmem": 512, "minmem": 256}
      }
    }

The command will display the job id for each submitted instance, as
follows::

    # gnt-instance batch-create instances.json
    instance3: 11224
    instance5: 11225

REMOVE
^^^^^^

**remove** [--ignore-failures] [--shutdown-timeout=*N*] [--submit]
[--force] {*instance*}

Remove an instance. This will remove all data from the instance and
there is *no way back*. If you are not sure if you use an instance
again, use **shutdown** first and leave it in the shutdown state for a
while.

The ``--ignore-failures`` option will cause the removal to proceed
even in the presence of errors during the removal of the instance
(e.g. during the shutdown or the disk removal). If this option is not
given, the command will stop at the first error.

The ``--shutdown-timeout`` is used to specify how much time to wait
before forcing the shutdown (e.g. ``xm destroy`` in Xen, killing the
kvm process for KVM, etc.). By default two minutes are given to each
instance to stop.

The ``--submit`` option is used to send the job to the master daemon
but not wait for its completion. The job ID will be shown so that it
can be examined via **gnt-job info**.

The ``--force`` option is used to skip the interactive confirmation.

Example::

    # gnt-instance remove instance1.example.com


LIST
^^^^

| **list**
| [--no-headers] [--separator=*SEPARATOR*] [--units=*UNITS*] [-v]
| [{-o|--output} *[+]FIELD,...*] [--filter] [instance...]

Shows the currently configured instances with memory usage, disk
usage, the node they are running on, and their run status.

The ``--no-headers`` option will skip the initial header line. The
``--separator`` option takes an argument which denotes what will be
used between the output fields. Both these options are to help
scripting.

The units used to display the numeric values in the output varies,
depending on the options given. By default, the values will be
formatted in the most appropriate unit. If the ``--separator`` option
is given, then the values are shown in mebibytes to allow parsing by
scripts. In both cases, the ``--units`` option can be used to enforce
a given output unit.

The ``-v`` option activates verbose mode, which changes the display of
special field states (see **ganeti(7)**).

The ``-o (--output)`` option takes a comma-separated list of output
fields. The available fields and their meaning are:

@QUERY_FIELDS_INSTANCE@

If the value of the option starts with the character ``+``, the new
field(s) will be added to the default list. This allows one to quickly
see the default list plus a few other fields, instead of retyping the
entire list of fields.

There is a subtle grouping about the available output fields: all
fields except for ``oper_state``, ``oper_ram``, ``oper_vcpus`` and
``status`` are configuration value and not run-time values. So if you
don't select any of the these fields, the query will be satisfied
instantly from the cluster configuration, without having to ask the
remote nodes for the data. This can be helpful for big clusters when
you only want some data and it makes sense to specify a reduced set of
output fields.

If exactly one argument is given and it appears to be a query filter
(see **ganeti(7)**), the query result is filtered accordingly. For
ambiguous cases (e.g. a single field name as a filter) the ``--filter``
(``-F``) option forces the argument to be treated as a filter (e.g.
``gnt-instance list -F admin_state``).

The default output field list is: ``name``, ``os``, ``pnode``,
``admin_state``, ``oper_state``, ``oper_ram``.


LIST-FIELDS
~~~~~~~~~~~

**list-fields** [field...]

Lists available fields for instances.


INFO
^^^^

**info** [-s \| --static] [--roman] {--all \| *instance*}

Show detailed information about the given instance(s). This is
different from **list** as it shows detailed data about the instance's
disks (especially useful for the drbd disk template).

If the option ``-s`` is used, only information available in the
configuration file is returned, without querying nodes, making the
operation faster.

Use the ``--all`` to get info about all instances, rather than
explicitly passing the ones you're interested in.

The ``--roman`` option can be used to cause envy among people who like
ancient cultures, but are stuck with non-latin-friendly cluster
virtualization technologies.

MODIFY
^^^^^^

| **modify**
| [{-H|--hypervisor-parameters} *HYPERVISOR\_PARAMETERS*]
| [{-B|--backend-parameters} *BACKEND\_PARAMETERS*]
| [--net add*[:options]* \| --net remove \| --net *N:options*]
| [--disk add:size=*SIZE*[,vg=*VG*][,metavg=*VG*] \| --disk remove \|
|  --disk *N*:mode=*MODE*]
| [{-t|--disk-template} plain | {-t|--disk-template} drbd -n *new_secondary*] [--no-wait-for-sync]
| [--os-type=*OS* [--force-variant]]
| [{-O|--os-parameters} *param*=*value*... ]
| [--offline \| --online]
| [--submit]
| {*instance*}

Modifies the memory size, number of vcpus, ip address, MAC address
and/or nic parameters for an instance. It can also add and remove
disks and NICs to/from the instance. Note that you need to give at
least one of the arguments, otherwise the command complains.

The ``-H (--hypervisor-parameters)``, ``-B (--backend-parameters)``
and ``-O (--os-parameters)`` options specifies hypervisor, backend and
OS parameter options in the form of name=value[,...]. For details
which options can be specified, see the **add** command.

The ``-t (--disk-template)`` option will change the disk template of
the instance.  Currently only conversions between the plain and drbd
disk templates are supported, and the instance must be stopped before
attempting the conversion. When changing from the plain to the drbd
disk template, a new secondary node must be specified via the ``-n``
option. The option ``--no-wait-for-sync`` can be used when converting
to the ``drbd`` template in order to make the instance available for
startup before DRBD has finished resyncing.

The ``--disk add:size=``*SIZE* option adds a disk to the instance. The
optional ``vg=``*VG* option specifies LVM volume group other than
default vg to create the disk on. For DRBD disks, the ``metavg=``*VG*
option specifies the volume group for the metadata device. The
``--disk remove`` option will remove the last disk of the
instance. The ``--disk`` *N*``:mode=``*MODE* option will change the
mode of the Nth disk of the instance between read-only (``ro``) and
read-write (``rw``).

The ``--net add:``*options* option will add a new NIC to the
instance. The available options are the same as in the **add** command
(mac, ip, link, mode). The ``--net remove`` will remove the last NIC
of the instance, while the ``--net`` *N*:*options* option will change
the parameters of the Nth instance NIC.

The option ``-o (--os-type)`` will change the OS name for the instance
(without reinstallation). In case an OS variant is specified that is
not found, then by default the modification is refused, unless
``--force-variant`` is passed. An invalid OS will also be refused,
unless the ``--force`` option is given.

The ``--online`` and ``--offline`` options are used to transition an
instance into and out of the ``offline`` state. An instance can be
turned offline only if it was previously down. The ``--online`` option
fails if the instance was not in the ``offline`` state, otherwise it
changes instance's state to ``down``. These modifications take effect
immediately.

The ``--submit`` option is used to send the job to the master daemon
but not wait for its completion. The job ID will be shown so that it
can be examined via **gnt-job info**.

Most of the changes take effect at the next restart. If the instance is
running, there is no effect on the instance.

REINSTALL
^^^^^^^^^

| **reinstall** [{-o|--os-type} *os-type*] [--select-os] [-f *force*]
| [--force-multiple]
| [--instance \| --node \| --primary \| --secondary \| --all]
| [{-O|--os-parameters} *OS\_PARAMETERS*] [--submit] {*instance*...}

Reinstalls the operating system on the given instance(s). The
instance(s) must be stopped when running this command. If the ``-o
(--os-type)`` is specified, the operating system is changed.

The ``--select-os`` option switches to an interactive OS reinstall.
The user is prompted to select the OS template from the list of
available OS templates. OS parameters can be overridden using ``-O
(--os-parameters)`` (more documentation for this option under the
**add** command).

Since this is a potentially dangerous command, the user will be
required to confirm this action, unless the ``-f`` flag is passed.
When multiple instances are selected (either by passing multiple
arguments or by using the ``--node``, ``--primary``, ``--secondary``
or ``--all`` options), the user must pass the ``--force-multiple``
options to skip the interactive confirmation.

The ``--submit`` option is used to send the job to the master daemon
but not wait for its completion. The job ID will be shown so that it
can be examined via **gnt-job info**.

RENAME
^^^^^^

| **rename** [--no-ip-check] [--no-name-check] [--submit]
| {*instance*} {*new\_name*}

Renames the given instance. The instance must be stopped when running
this command. The requirements for the new name are the same as for
adding an instance: the new name must be resolvable and the IP it
resolves to must not be reachable (in order to prevent duplicate IPs
the next time the instance is started). The IP test can be skipped if
the ``--no-ip-check`` option is passed.

The ``--no-name-check`` skips the check for the new instance name via
the resolver (e.g. in DNS or /etc/hosts, depending on your setup) and
that the resolved name matches the provided name. Since the name check
is used to compute the IP address, if you pass this option you must also
pass the ``--no-ip-check`` option.

The ``--submit`` option is used to send the job to the master daemon
but not wait for its completion. The job ID will be shown so that it
can be examined via **gnt-job info**.

Starting/stopping/connecting to console
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

STARTUP
^^^^^^^

| **startup**
| [--force] [--ignore-offline]
| [--force-multiple] [--no-remember]
| [--instance \| --node \| --primary \| --secondary \| --all \|
| --tags \| --node-tags \| --pri-node-tags \| --sec-node-tags]
| [{-H|--hypervisor-parameters} ``key=value...``]
| [{-B|--backend-parameters} ``key=value...``]
| [--submit] [--paused]
| {*name*...}

Starts one or more instances, depending on the following options.  The
four available modes are:

--instance
    will start the instances given as arguments (at least one argument
    required); this is the default selection

--node
    will start the instances who have the given node as either primary
    or secondary

--primary
    will start all instances whose primary node is in the list of nodes
    passed as arguments (at least one node required)

--secondary
    will start all instances whose secondary node is in the list of
    nodes passed as arguments (at least one node required)

--all
    will start all instances in the cluster (no arguments accepted)

--tags
    will start all instances in the cluster with the tags given as
    arguments

--node-tags
    will start all instances in the cluster on nodes with the tags
    given as arguments

--pri-node-tags
    will start all instances in the cluster on primary nodes with the
    tags given as arguments

--sec-node-tags
    will start all instances in the cluster on secondary nodes with the
    tags given as arguments

Note that although you can pass more than one selection option, the
last one wins, so in order to guarantee the desired result, don't pass
more than one such option.

Use ``--force`` to start even if secondary disks are failing.
``--ignore-offline`` can be used to ignore offline primary nodes and
mark the instance as started even if the primary is not available.

The ``--force-multiple`` will skip the interactive confirmation in the
case the more than one instance will be affected.

The ``--no-remember`` option will perform the startup but not change
the state of the instance in the configuration file (if it was stopped
before, Ganeti will still thinks it needs to be stopped). This can be
used for testing, or for a one shot-start where you don't want the
watcher to restart the instance if it crashes.

The ``-H (--hypervisor-parameters)`` and ``-B (--backend-parameters)``
options specify temporary hypervisor and backend parameters that can
be used to start an instance with modified parameters. They can be
useful for quick testing without having to modify an instance back and
forth, e.g.::

    # gnt-instance start -H kernel_args="single" instance1
    # gnt-instance start -B maxmem=2048 instance2


The first form will start the instance instance1 in single-user mode,
and the instance instance2 with 2GB of RAM (this time only, unless
that is the actual instance memory size already). Note that the values
override the instance parameters (and not extend them): an instance
with "kernel\_args=ro" when started with -H kernel\_args=single will
result in "single", not "ro single".  The ``--submit`` option is used
to send the job to the master daemon but not wait for its
completion. The job ID will be shown so that it can be examined via
**gnt-job info**.

The ``--paused`` option is only valid for Xen and kvm hypervisors.  This
pauses the instance at the start of bootup, awaiting ``gnt-instance
console`` to unpause it, allowing the entire boot process to be
monitored for debugging.

Example::

    # gnt-instance start instance1.example.com
    # gnt-instance start --node node1.example.com node2.example.com
    # gnt-instance start --all


SHUTDOWN
^^^^^^^^

| **shutdown**
| [--timeout=*N*]
| [--force-multiple] [--ignore-offline] [--no-remember]
| [--instance \| --node \| --primary \| --secondary \| --all \|
| --tags \| --node-tags \| --pri-node-tags \| --sec-node-tags]
| [--submit]
| {*name*...}

Stops one or more instances. If the instance cannot be cleanly stopped
during a hardcoded interval (currently 2 minutes), it will forcibly
stop the instance (equivalent to switching off the power on a physical
machine).

The ``--timeout`` is used to specify how much time to wait before
forcing the shutdown (e.g. ``xm destroy`` in Xen, killing the kvm
process for KVM, etc.). By default two minutes are given to each
instance to stop.

The ``--instance``, ``--node``, ``--primary``, ``--secondary``,
``--all``, ``--tags``, ``--node-tags``, ``--pri-node-tags`` and
``--sec-node-tags`` options are similar as for the **startup** command
and they influence the actual instances being shutdown.

The ``--submit`` option is used to send the job to the master daemon
but not wait for its completion. The job ID will be shown so that it
can be examined via **gnt-job info**.

``--ignore-offline`` can be used to ignore offline primary nodes and
force the instance to be marked as stopped. This option should be used
with care as it can lead to an inconsistent cluster state.

The ``--no-remember`` option will perform the shutdown but not change
the state of the instance in the configuration file (if it was running
before, Ganeti will still thinks it needs to be running). This can be
useful for a cluster-wide shutdown, where some instances are marked as
up and some as down, and you don't want to change the running state:
you just need to disable the watcher, shutdown all instances with
``--no-remember``, and when the watcher is activated again it will
restore the correct runtime state for all instances.

Example::

    # gnt-instance shutdown instance1.example.com
    # gnt-instance shutdown --all


REBOOT
^^^^^^

| **reboot**
| [{-t|--type} *REBOOT-TYPE*]
| [--ignore-secondaries]
| [--shutdown-timeout=*N*]
| [--force-multiple]
| [--instance \| --node \| --primary \| --secondary \| --all \|
| --tags \| --node-tags \| --pri-node-tags \| --sec-node-tags]
| [--submit]
| [*name*...]

Reboots one or more instances. The type of reboot depends on the value
of ``-t (--type)``. A soft reboot does a hypervisor reboot, a hard reboot
does a instance stop, recreates the hypervisor config for the instance
and starts the instance. A full reboot does the equivalent of
**gnt-instance shutdown && gnt-instance startup**.  The default is
hard reboot.

For the hard reboot the option ``--ignore-secondaries`` ignores errors
for the secondary node while re-assembling the instance disks.

The ``--instance``, ``--node``, ``--primary``, ``--secondary``,
``--all``, ``--tags``, ``--node-tags``, ``--pri-node-tags`` and
``--sec-node-tags`` options are similar as for the **startup** command
and they influence the actual instances being rebooted.

The ``--shutdown-timeout`` is used to specify how much time to wait
before forcing the shutdown (xm destroy in xen, killing the kvm
process, for kvm). By default two minutes are given to each instance
to stop.

The ``--force-multiple`` will skip the interactive confirmation in the
case the more than one instance will be affected.

Example::

    # gnt-instance reboot instance1.example.com
    # gnt-instance reboot --type=full instance1.example.com


CONSOLE
^^^^^^^

**console** [--show-cmd] {*instance*}

Connects to the console of the given instance. If the instance is not
up, an error is returned. Use the ``--show-cmd`` option to display the
command instead of executing it.

For HVM instances, this will attempt to connect to the serial console
of the instance. To connect to the virtualized "physical" console of a
HVM instance, use a VNC client with the connection info from the
**info** command.

For Xen/kvm instances, if the instance is paused, this attempts to
unpause the instance after waiting a few seconds for the connection to
the console to be made.

Example::

    # gnt-instance console instance1.example.com


Disk management
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

REPLACE-DISKS
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

**replace-disks** [--submit] [--early-release] {-p} [--disks *idx*]
{*instance*}

**replace-disks** [--submit] [--early-release] {-s} [--disks *idx*]
{*instance*}

**replace-disks** [--submit] [--early-release] {--iallocator *name*
\| --new-secondary *NODE*} {*instance*}

**replace-disks** [--submit] [--early-release] {--auto}
{*instance*}

This command is a generalized form for replacing disks. It is
currently only valid for the mirrored (DRBD) disk template.

The first form (when passing the ``-p`` option) will replace the disks
on the primary, while the second form (when passing the ``-s`` option
will replace the disks on the secondary node. For these two cases (as
the node doesn't change), it is possible to only run the replace for a
subset of the disks, using the option ``--disks`` which takes a list
of comma-delimited disk indices (zero-based), e.g. 0,2 to replace only
the first and third disks.

The third form (when passing either the ``--iallocator`` or the
``--new-secondary`` option) is designed to change secondary node of
the instance. Specifying ``--iallocator`` makes the new secondary be
selected automatically by the specified allocator plugin, otherwise
the new secondary node will be the one chosen manually via the
``--new-secondary`` option.

The fourth form (when using ``--auto``) will automatically determine
which disks of an instance are faulty and replace them within the same
node. The ``--auto`` option works only when an instance has only
faulty disks on either the primary or secondary node; it doesn't work
when both sides have faulty disks.

The ``--submit`` option is used to send the job to the master daemon
but not wait for its completion. The job ID will be shown so that it
can be examined via **gnt-job info**.

The ``--early-release`` changes the code so that the old storage on
secondary node(s) is removed early (before the resync is completed)
and the internal Ganeti locks for the current (and new, if any)
secondary node are also released, thus allowing more parallelism in
the cluster operation. This should be used only when recovering from a
disk failure on the current secondary (thus the old storage is already
broken) or when the storage on the primary node is known to be fine
(thus we won't need the old storage for potential recovery).

Note that it is not possible to select an offline or drained node as a
new secondary.

ACTIVATE-DISKS
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

**activate-disks** [--submit] [--ignore-size] {*instance*}

Activates the block devices of the given instance. If successful, the
command will show the location and name of the block devices::

    node1.example.com:disk/0:/dev/drbd0
    node1.example.com:disk/1:/dev/drbd1


In this example, *node1.example.com* is the name of the node on which
the devices have been activated. The *disk/0* and *disk/1* are the
Ganeti-names of the instance disks; how they are visible inside the
instance is hypervisor-specific. */dev/drbd0* and */dev/drbd1* are the
actual block devices as visible on the node.  The ``--submit`` option
is used to send the job to the master daemon but not wait for its
completion. The job ID will be shown so that it can be examined via
**gnt-job info**.

The ``--ignore-size`` option can be used to activate disks ignoring
the currently configured size in Ganeti. This can be used in cases
where the configuration has gotten out of sync with the real-world
(e.g. after a partially-failed grow-disk operation or due to rounding
in LVM devices). This should not be used in normal cases, but only
when activate-disks fails without it.

Note that it is safe to run this command while the instance is already
running.

DEACTIVATE-DISKS
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

**deactivate-disks** [-f] [--submit] {*instance*}

De-activates the block devices of the given instance. Note that if you
run this command for an instance with a drbd disk template, while it
is running, it will not be able to shutdown the block devices on the
primary node, but it will shutdown the block devices on the secondary
nodes, thus breaking the replication.

The ``-f``/``--force`` option will skip checks that the instance is
down; in case the hypervisor is confused and we can't talk to it,
normally Ganeti will refuse to deactivate the disks, but with this
option passed it will skip this check and directly try to deactivate
the disks. This can still fail due to the instance actually running or
other issues.

The ``--submit`` option is used to send the job to the master daemon
but not wait for its completion. The job ID will be shown so that it
can be examined via **gnt-job info**.

GROW-DISK
^^^^^^^^^

**grow-disk** [--no-wait-for-sync] [--submit] {*instance*} {*disk*}
{*amount*}

Grows an instance's disk. This is only possible for instances having a
plain or drbd disk template.

Note that this command only change the block device size; it will not
grow the actual filesystems, partitions, etc. that live on that
disk. Usually, you will need to:

#. use **gnt-instance grow-disk**

#. reboot the instance (later, at a convenient time)

#. use a filesystem resizer, such as ext2online(8) or
   xfs\_growfs(8) to resize the filesystem, or use fdisk(8) to change
   the partition table on the disk

The *disk* argument is the index of the instance disk to grow. The
*amount* argument is given either as a number (and it represents the
amount to increase the disk with in mebibytes) or can be given similar
to the arguments in the create instance operation, with a suffix
denoting the unit.

Note that the disk grow operation might complete on one node but fail
on the other; this will leave the instance with different-sized LVs on
the two nodes, but this will not create problems (except for unused
space).

If you do not want gnt-instance to wait for the new disk region to be
synced, use the ``--no-wait-for-sync`` option.

The ``--submit`` option is used to send the job to the master daemon
but not wait for its completion. The job ID will be shown so that it
can be examined via **gnt-job info**.

Example (increase the first disk for instance1 by 16GiB)::

    # gnt-instance grow-disk instance1.example.com 0 16g


Also note that disk shrinking is not supported; use **gnt-backup
export** and then **gnt-backup import** to reduce the disk size of an
instance.

RECREATE-DISKS
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

**recreate-disks** [--submit] [--disks=``indices``] [-n node1:[node2]]
  {*instance*}

Recreates the disks of the given instance, or only a subset of the
disks (if the option ``disks`` is passed, which must be a
comma-separated list of disk indices, starting from zero).

Note that this functionality should only be used for missing disks; if
any of the given disks already exists, the operation will fail.  While
this is suboptimal, recreate-disks should hopefully not be needed in
normal operation and as such the impact of this is low.

Optionally the instance's disks can be recreated on different
nodes. This can be useful if, for example, the original nodes of the
instance have gone down (and are marked offline), so we can't recreate
on the same nodes. To do this, pass the new node(s) via ``-n`` option,
with a syntax similar to the **add** command. The number of nodes
passed must equal the number of nodes that the instance currently
has. Note that changing nodes is only allowed for 'all disk'
replacement (when ``--disks`` is not passed).

The ``--submit`` option is used to send the job to the master daemon
but not wait for its completion. The job ID will be shown so that it
can be examined via **gnt-job info**.

Recovery
~~~~~~~~

FAILOVER
^^^^^^^^

**failover** [-f] [--ignore-consistency] [--shutdown-timeout=*N*]
[--submit] {*instance*}

Failover will stop the instance (if running), change its primary node,
and if it was originally running it will start it again (on the new
primary). This only works for instances with drbd template (in which
case you can only fail to the secondary node) and for externally
mirrored templates (shared storage) (which can change to any other
node).

Normally the failover will check the consistency of the disks before
failing over the instance. If you are trying to migrate instances off
a dead node, this will fail. Use the ``--ignore-consistency`` option
for this purpose. Note that this option can be dangerous as errors in
shutting down the instance will be ignored, resulting in possibly
having the instance running on two machines in parallel (on
disconnected DRBD drives).

The ``--shutdown-timeout`` is used to specify how much time to wait
before forcing the shutdown (xm destroy in xen, killing the kvm
process, for kvm). By default two minutes are given to each instance
to stop.

The ``--submit`` option is used to send the job to the master daemon
but not wait for its completion. The job ID will be shown so that it
can be examined via **gnt-job info**.

Example::

    # gnt-instance failover instance1.example.com


MIGRATE
^^^^^^^

**migrate** [-f] {--cleanup} {*instance*}

**migrate** [-f] [--allow-failover] [--non-live]
[--migration-mode=live\|non-live] {*instance*}

Migrate will move the instance to its secondary node without
shutdown. It only works for instances having the drbd8 disk template
type.

The migration command needs a perfectly healthy instance, as we rely
on the dual-master capability of drbd8 and the disks of the instance
are not allowed to be degraded.

The ``--non-live`` and ``--migration-mode=non-live`` options will
switch (for the hypervisors that support it) between a "fully live"
(i.e. the interruption is as minimal as possible) migration and one in
which the instance is frozen, its state saved and transported to the
remote node, and then resumed there. This all depends on the
hypervisor support for two different methods. In any case, it is not
an error to pass this parameter (it will just be ignored if the
hypervisor doesn't support it). The option ``--migration-mode=live``
option will request a fully-live migration. The default, when neither
option is passed, depends on the hypervisor parameters (and can be
viewed with the **gnt-cluster info** command).

If the ``--cleanup`` option is passed, the operation changes from
migration to attempting recovery from a failed previous migration.  In
this mode, Ganeti checks if the instance runs on the correct node (and
updates its configuration if not) and ensures the instances's disks
are configured correctly. In this mode, the ``--non-live`` option is
ignored.

The option ``-f`` will skip the prompting for confirmation.

If ``--allow-failover`` is specified it tries to fallback to failover if
it already can determine that a migration won't work (i.e. if the
instance is shut down). Please note that the fallback will not happen
during execution. If a migration fails during execution it still fails.

Example (and expected output)::

    # gnt-instance migrate instance1
    Instance instance1 will be migrated. Note that migration
    might impact the instance if anything goes wrong (e.g. due to bugs in
    the hypervisor). Continue?
    y/[n]/?: y
    Migrating instance instance1.example.com
    * checking disk consistency between source and target
    * switching node node2.example.com to secondary mode
    * changing into standalone mode
    * changing disks into dual-master mode
    * wait until resync is done
    * preparing node2.example.com to accept the instance
    * migrating instance to node2.example.com
    * switching node node1.example.com to secondary mode
    * wait until resync is done
    * changing into standalone mode
    * changing disks into single-master mode
    * wait until resync is done
    * done
    #


MOVE
^^^^

**move** [-f] [--ignore-consistency]
[-n *node*] [--shutdown-timeout=*N*] [--submit]
{*instance*}

Move will move the instance to an arbitrary node in the cluster.  This
works only for instances having a plain or file disk template.

Note that since this operation is done via data copy, it will take a
long time for big disks (similar to replace-disks for a drbd
instance).

The ``--shutdown-timeout`` is used to specify how much time to wait
before forcing the shutdown (e.g. ``xm destroy`` in XEN, killing the
kvm process for KVM, etc.). By default two minutes are given to each
instance to stop.

The ``--ignore-consistency`` option will make Ganeti ignore any errors
in trying to shutdown the instance on its node; useful if the
hypervisor is broken and you want to recuperate the data.

The ``--submit`` option is used to send the job to the master daemon
but not wait for its completion. The job ID will be shown so that it
can be examined via **gnt-job info**.

Example::

    # gnt-instance move -n node3.example.com instance1.example.com


CHANGE-GROUP
~~~~~~~~~~~~

**change-group** [--iallocator *NAME*] [--to *GROUP*...] {*instance*}

This command moves an instance to another node group. The move is
calculated by an iallocator, either given on the command line or as a
cluster default.

If no specific destination groups are specified using ``--to``, all
groups except the one containing the instance are considered.

Example::

    # gnt-instance change-group -I hail --to rack2 inst1.example.com


TAGS
~~~~

ADD-TAGS
^^^^^^^^

**add-tags** [--from *file*] {*instancename*} {*tag*...}

Add tags to the given instance. If any of the tags contains invalid
characters, the entire operation will abort.

If the ``--from`` option is given, the list of tags will be extended
with the contents of that file (each line becomes a tag).  In this
case, there is not need to pass tags on the command line (if you do,
both sources will be used). A file name of ``-`` will be interpreted
as stdin.

LIST-TAGS
^^^^^^^^^

**list-tags** {*instancename*}

List the tags of the given instance.

REMOVE-TAGS
^^^^^^^^^^^

**remove-tags** [--from *file*] {*instancename*} {*tag*...}

Remove tags from the given instance. If any of the tags are not
existing on the node, the entire operation will abort.

If the ``--from`` option is given, the list of tags to be removed will
be extended with the contents of that file (each line becomes a tag).
In this case, there is not need to pass tags on the command line (if
you do, tags from both sources will be removed). A file name of ``-``
will be interpreted as stdin.

.. vim: set textwidth=72 :
.. Local Variables:
.. mode: rst
.. fill-column: 72
.. End: