utils: Add function to read locked PID file

[ganeti-local] / lib / backend.py

#
#

# Copyright (C) 2006, 2007 Google Inc.
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
# 02110-1301, USA.


"""Functions used by the node daemon

@var _ALLOWED_UPLOAD_FILES: denotes which files are accepted in
     the L{UploadFile} function
@var _ALLOWED_CLEAN_DIRS: denotes which directories are accepted
     in the L{_CleanDirectory} function

"""

# pylint: disable-msg=E1103

# E1103: %s %r has no %r member (but some types could not be
# inferred), because the _TryOSFromDisk returns either (True, os_obj)
# or (False, "string") which confuses pylint


import os
import os.path
import shutil
import time
import stat
import errno
import re
import random
import logging
import tempfile
import zlib
import base64

from ganeti import errors
from ganeti import utils
from ganeti import ssh
from ganeti import hypervisor
from ganeti import constants
from ganeti import bdev
from ganeti import objects
from ganeti import ssconf
from ganeti import serializer


_BOOT_ID_PATH = "/proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id"
_ALLOWED_CLEAN_DIRS = frozenset([
  constants.DATA_DIR,
  constants.JOB_QUEUE_ARCHIVE_DIR,
  constants.QUEUE_DIR,
  constants.CRYPTO_KEYS_DIR,
  ])
_MAX_SSL_CERT_VALIDITY = 7 * 24 * 60 * 60
_X509_KEY_FILE = "key"
_X509_CERT_FILE = "cert"
_IES_STATUS_FILE = "status"
_IES_PID_FILE = "pid"
_IES_CA_FILE = "ca"


class RPCFail(Exception):
  """Class denoting RPC failure.

  Its argument is the error message.

  """


def _Fail(msg, *args, **kwargs):
  """Log an error and the raise an RPCFail exception.

  This exception is then handled specially in the ganeti daemon and
  turned into a 'failed' return type. As such, this function is a
  useful shortcut for logging the error and returning it to the master
  daemon.

  @type msg: string
  @param msg: the text of the exception
  @raise RPCFail

  """
  if args:
    msg = msg % args
  if "log" not in kwargs or kwargs["log"]: # if we should log this error
    if "exc" in kwargs and kwargs["exc"]:
      logging.exception(msg)
    else:
      logging.error(msg)
  raise RPCFail(msg)


def _GetConfig():
  """Simple wrapper to return a SimpleStore.

  @rtype: L{ssconf.SimpleStore}
  @return: a SimpleStore instance

  """
  return ssconf.SimpleStore()


def _GetSshRunner(cluster_name):
  """Simple wrapper to return an SshRunner.

  @type cluster_name: str
  @param cluster_name: the cluster name, which is needed
      by the SshRunner constructor
  @rtype: L{ssh.SshRunner}
  @return: an SshRunner instance

  """
  return ssh.SshRunner(cluster_name)


def _Decompress(data):
  """Unpacks data compressed by the RPC client.

  @type data: list or tuple
  @param data: Data sent by RPC client
  @rtype: str
  @return: Decompressed data

  """
  assert isinstance(data, (list, tuple))
  assert len(data) == 2
  (encoding, content) = data
  if encoding == constants.RPC_ENCODING_NONE:
    return content
  elif encoding == constants.RPC_ENCODING_ZLIB_BASE64:
    return zlib.decompress(base64.b64decode(content))
  else:
    raise AssertionError("Unknown data encoding")


def _CleanDirectory(path, exclude=None):
  """Removes all regular files in a directory.

  @type path: str
  @param path: the directory to clean
  @type exclude: list
  @param exclude: list of files to be excluded, defaults
      to the empty list

  """
  if path not in _ALLOWED_CLEAN_DIRS:
    _Fail("Path passed to _CleanDirectory not in allowed clean targets: '%s'",
          path)

  if not os.path.isdir(path):
    return
  if exclude is None:
    exclude = []
  else:
    # Normalize excluded paths
    exclude = [os.path.normpath(i) for i in exclude]

  for rel_name in utils.ListVisibleFiles(path):
    full_name = utils.PathJoin(path, rel_name)
    if full_name in exclude:
      continue
    if os.path.isfile(full_name) and not os.path.islink(full_name):
      utils.RemoveFile(full_name)


def _BuildUploadFileList():
  """Build the list of allowed upload files.

  This is abstracted so that it's built only once at module import time.

  """
  allowed_files = set([
    constants.CLUSTER_CONF_FILE,
    constants.ETC_HOSTS,
    constants.SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS_FILE,
    constants.VNC_PASSWORD_FILE,
    constants.RAPI_CERT_FILE,
    constants.RAPI_USERS_FILE,
    constants.CONFD_HMAC_KEY,
    ])

  for hv_name in constants.HYPER_TYPES:
    hv_class = hypervisor.GetHypervisorClass(hv_name)
    allowed_files.update(hv_class.GetAncillaryFiles())

  return frozenset(allowed_files)


_ALLOWED_UPLOAD_FILES = _BuildUploadFileList()


def JobQueuePurge():
  """Removes job queue files and archived jobs.

  @rtype: tuple
  @return: True, None

  """
  _CleanDirectory(constants.QUEUE_DIR, exclude=[constants.JOB_QUEUE_LOCK_FILE])
  _CleanDirectory(constants.JOB_QUEUE_ARCHIVE_DIR)


def GetMasterInfo():
  """Returns master information.

  This is an utility function to compute master information, either
  for consumption here or from the node daemon.

  @rtype: tuple
  @return: master_netdev, master_ip, master_name
  @raise RPCFail: in case of errors

  """
  try:
    cfg = _GetConfig()
    master_netdev = cfg.GetMasterNetdev()
    master_ip = cfg.GetMasterIP()
    master_node = cfg.GetMasterNode()
  except errors.ConfigurationError, err:
    _Fail("Cluster configuration incomplete: %s", err, exc=True)
  return (master_netdev, master_ip, master_node)


def StartMaster(start_daemons, no_voting):
  """Activate local node as master node.

  The function will always try activate the IP address of the master
  (unless someone else has it). It will also start the master daemons,
  based on the start_daemons parameter.

  @type start_daemons: boolean
  @param start_daemons: whether to also start the master
      daemons (ganeti-masterd and ganeti-rapi)
  @type no_voting: boolean
  @param no_voting: whether to start ganeti-masterd without a node vote
      (if start_daemons is True), but still non-interactively
  @rtype: None

  """
  # GetMasterInfo will raise an exception if not able to return data
  master_netdev, master_ip, _ = GetMasterInfo()

  err_msgs = []
  if utils.TcpPing(master_ip, constants.DEFAULT_NODED_PORT):
    if utils.OwnIpAddress(master_ip):
      # we already have the ip:
      logging.debug("Master IP already configured, doing nothing")
    else:
      msg = "Someone else has the master ip, not activating"
      logging.error(msg)
      err_msgs.append(msg)
  else:
    result = utils.RunCmd(["ip", "address", "add", "%s/32" % master_ip,
                           "dev", master_netdev, "label",
                           "%s:0" % master_netdev])
    if result.failed:
      msg = "Can't activate master IP: %s" % result.output
      logging.error(msg)
      err_msgs.append(msg)

    result = utils.RunCmd(["arping", "-q", "-U", "-c 3", "-I", master_netdev,
                           "-s", master_ip, master_ip])
    # we'll ignore the exit code of arping

  # and now start the master and rapi daemons
  if start_daemons:
    if no_voting:
      masterd_args = "--no-voting --yes-do-it"
    else:
      masterd_args = ""

    env = {
      "EXTRA_MASTERD_ARGS": masterd_args,
      }

    result = utils.RunCmd([constants.DAEMON_UTIL, "start-master"], env=env)
    if result.failed:
      msg = "Can't start Ganeti master: %s" % result.output
      logging.error(msg)
      err_msgs.append(msg)

  if err_msgs:
    _Fail("; ".join(err_msgs))


def StopMaster(stop_daemons):
  """Deactivate this node as master.

  The function will always try to deactivate the IP address of the
  master. It will also stop the master daemons depending on the
  stop_daemons parameter.

  @type stop_daemons: boolean
  @param stop_daemons: whether to also stop the master daemons
      (ganeti-masterd and ganeti-rapi)
  @rtype: None

  """
  # TODO: log and report back to the caller the error failures; we
  # need to decide in which case we fail the RPC for this

  # GetMasterInfo will raise an exception if not able to return data
  master_netdev, master_ip, _ = GetMasterInfo()

  result = utils.RunCmd(["ip", "address", "del", "%s/32" % master_ip,
                         "dev", master_netdev])
  if result.failed:
    logging.error("Can't remove the master IP, error: %s", result.output)
    # but otherwise ignore the failure

  if stop_daemons:
    result = utils.RunCmd([constants.DAEMON_UTIL, "stop-master"])
    if result.failed:
      logging.error("Could not stop Ganeti master, command %s had exitcode %s"
                    " and error %s",
                    result.cmd, result.exit_code, result.output)


def AddNode(dsa, dsapub, rsa, rsapub, sshkey, sshpub):
  """Joins this node to the cluster.

  This does the following:
      - updates the hostkeys of the machine (rsa and dsa)
      - adds the ssh private key to the user
      - adds the ssh public key to the users' authorized_keys file

  @type dsa: str
  @param dsa: the DSA private key to write
  @type dsapub: str
  @param dsapub: the DSA public key to write
  @type rsa: str
  @param rsa: the RSA private key to write
  @type rsapub: str
  @param rsapub: the RSA public key to write
  @type sshkey: str
  @param sshkey: the SSH private key to write
  @type sshpub: str
  @param sshpub: the SSH public key to write
  @rtype: boolean
  @return: the success of the operation

  """
  sshd_keys =  [(constants.SSH_HOST_RSA_PRIV, rsa, 0600),
                (constants.SSH_HOST_RSA_PUB, rsapub, 0644),
                (constants.SSH_HOST_DSA_PRIV, dsa, 0600),
                (constants.SSH_HOST_DSA_PUB, dsapub, 0644)]
  for name, content, mode in sshd_keys:
    utils.WriteFile(name, data=content, mode=mode)

  try:
    priv_key, pub_key, auth_keys = ssh.GetUserFiles(constants.GANETI_RUNAS,
                                                    mkdir=True)
  except errors.OpExecError, err:
    _Fail("Error while processing user ssh files: %s", err, exc=True)

  for name, content in [(priv_key, sshkey), (pub_key, sshpub)]:
    utils.WriteFile(name, data=content, mode=0600)

  utils.AddAuthorizedKey(auth_keys, sshpub)

  result = utils.RunCmd([constants.DAEMON_UTIL, "reload-ssh-keys"])
  if result.failed:
    _Fail("Unable to reload SSH keys (command %r, exit code %s, output %r)",
          result.cmd, result.exit_code, result.output)


def LeaveCluster(modify_ssh_setup):
  """Cleans up and remove the current node.

  This function cleans up and prepares the current node to be removed
  from the cluster.

  If processing is successful, then it raises an
  L{errors.QuitGanetiException} which is used as a special case to
  shutdown the node daemon.

  @param modify_ssh_setup: boolean

  """
  _CleanDirectory(constants.DATA_DIR)
  _CleanDirectory(constants.CRYPTO_KEYS_DIR)
  JobQueuePurge()

  if modify_ssh_setup:
    try:
      priv_key, pub_key, auth_keys = ssh.GetUserFiles(constants.GANETI_RUNAS)

      utils.RemoveAuthorizedKey(auth_keys, utils.ReadFile(pub_key))

      utils.RemoveFile(priv_key)
      utils.RemoveFile(pub_key)
    except errors.OpExecError:
      logging.exception("Error while processing ssh files")

  try:
    utils.RemoveFile(constants.CONFD_HMAC_KEY)
    utils.RemoveFile(constants.RAPI_CERT_FILE)
    utils.RemoveFile(constants.NODED_CERT_FILE)
  except: # pylint: disable-msg=W0702
    logging.exception("Error while removing cluster secrets")

  result = utils.RunCmd([constants.DAEMON_UTIL, "stop", constants.CONFD])
  if result.failed:
    logging.error("Command %s failed with exitcode %s and error %s",
                  result.cmd, result.exit_code, result.output)

  # Raise a custom exception (handled in ganeti-noded)
  raise errors.QuitGanetiException(True, 'Shutdown scheduled')


def GetNodeInfo(vgname, hypervisor_type):
  """Gives back a hash with different information about the node.

  @type vgname: C{string}
  @param vgname: the name of the volume group to ask for disk space information
  @type hypervisor_type: C{str}
  @param hypervisor_type: the name of the hypervisor to ask for
      memory information
  @rtype: C{dict}
  @return: dictionary with the following keys:
      - vg_size is the size of the configured volume group in MiB
      - vg_free is the free size of the volume group in MiB
      - memory_dom0 is the memory allocated for domain0 in MiB
      - memory_free is the currently available (free) ram in MiB
      - memory_total is the total number of ram in MiB

  """
  outputarray = {}
  vginfo = _GetVGInfo(vgname)
  outputarray['vg_size'] = vginfo['vg_size']
  outputarray['vg_free'] = vginfo['vg_free']

  hyper = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(hypervisor_type)
  hyp_info = hyper.GetNodeInfo()
  if hyp_info is not None:
    outputarray.update(hyp_info)

  outputarray["bootid"] = utils.ReadFile(_BOOT_ID_PATH, size=128).rstrip("\n")

  return outputarray


def VerifyNode(what, cluster_name):
  """Verify the status of the local node.

  Based on the input L{what} parameter, various checks are done on the
  local node.

  If the I{filelist} key is present, this list of
  files is checksummed and the file/checksum pairs are returned.

  If the I{nodelist} key is present, we check that we have
  connectivity via ssh with the target nodes (and check the hostname
  report).

  If the I{node-net-test} key is present, we check that we have
  connectivity to the given nodes via both primary IP and, if
  applicable, secondary IPs.

  @type what: C{dict}
  @param what: a dictionary of things to check:
      - filelist: list of files for which to compute checksums
      - nodelist: list of nodes we should check ssh communication with
      - node-net-test: list of nodes we should check node daemon port
        connectivity with
      - hypervisor: list with hypervisors to run the verify for
  @rtype: dict
  @return: a dictionary with the same keys as the input dict, and
      values representing the result of the checks

  """
  result = {}

  if constants.NV_HYPERVISOR in what:
    result[constants.NV_HYPERVISOR] = tmp = {}
    for hv_name in what[constants.NV_HYPERVISOR]:
      try:
        val = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(hv_name).Verify()
      except errors.HypervisorError, err:
        val = "Error while checking hypervisor: %s" % str(err)
      tmp[hv_name] = val

  if constants.NV_FILELIST in what:
    result[constants.NV_FILELIST] = utils.FingerprintFiles(
      what[constants.NV_FILELIST])

  if constants.NV_NODELIST in what:
    result[constants.NV_NODELIST] = tmp = {}
    random.shuffle(what[constants.NV_NODELIST])
    for node in what[constants.NV_NODELIST]:
      success, message = _GetSshRunner(cluster_name).VerifyNodeHostname(node)
      if not success:
        tmp[node] = message

  if constants.NV_NODENETTEST in what:
    result[constants.NV_NODENETTEST] = tmp = {}
    my_name = utils.HostInfo().name
    my_pip = my_sip = None
    for name, pip, sip in what[constants.NV_NODENETTEST]:
      if name == my_name:
        my_pip = pip
        my_sip = sip
        break
    if not my_pip:
      tmp[my_name] = ("Can't find my own primary/secondary IP"
                      " in the node list")
    else:
      port = utils.GetDaemonPort(constants.NODED)
      for name, pip, sip in what[constants.NV_NODENETTEST]:
        fail = []
        if not utils.TcpPing(pip, port, source=my_pip):
          fail.append("primary")
        if sip != pip:
          if not utils.TcpPing(sip, port, source=my_sip):
            fail.append("secondary")
        if fail:
          tmp[name] = ("failure using the %s interface(s)" %
                       " and ".join(fail))

  if constants.NV_LVLIST in what:
    try:
      val = GetVolumeList(what[constants.NV_LVLIST])
    except RPCFail, err:
      val = str(err)
    result[constants.NV_LVLIST] = val

  if constants.NV_INSTANCELIST in what:
    # GetInstanceList can fail
    try:
      val = GetInstanceList(what[constants.NV_INSTANCELIST])
    except RPCFail, err:
      val = str(err)
    result[constants.NV_INSTANCELIST] = val

  if constants.NV_VGLIST in what:
    result[constants.NV_VGLIST] = utils.ListVolumeGroups()

  if constants.NV_PVLIST in what:
    result[constants.NV_PVLIST] = \
      bdev.LogicalVolume.GetPVInfo(what[constants.NV_PVLIST],
                                   filter_allocatable=False)

  if constants.NV_VERSION in what:
    result[constants.NV_VERSION] = (constants.PROTOCOL_VERSION,
                                    constants.RELEASE_VERSION)

  if constants.NV_HVINFO in what:
    hyper = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(what[constants.NV_HVINFO])
    result[constants.NV_HVINFO] = hyper.GetNodeInfo()

  if constants.NV_DRBDLIST in what:
    try:
      used_minors = bdev.DRBD8.GetUsedDevs().keys()
    except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
      logging.warning("Can't get used minors list", exc_info=True)
      used_minors = str(err)
    result[constants.NV_DRBDLIST] = used_minors

  if constants.NV_NODESETUP in what:
    result[constants.NV_NODESETUP] = tmpr = []
    if not os.path.isdir("/sys/block") or not os.path.isdir("/sys/class/net"):
      tmpr.append("The sysfs filesytem doesn't seem to be mounted"
                  " under /sys, missing required directories /sys/block"
                  " and /sys/class/net")
    if (not os.path.isdir("/proc/sys") or
        not os.path.isfile("/proc/sysrq-trigger")):
      tmpr.append("The procfs filesystem doesn't seem to be mounted"
                  " under /proc, missing required directory /proc/sys and"
                  " the file /proc/sysrq-trigger")

  if constants.NV_TIME in what:
    result[constants.NV_TIME] = utils.SplitTime(time.time())

  return result


def GetVolumeList(vg_name):
  """Compute list of logical volumes and their size.

  @type vg_name: str
  @param vg_name: the volume group whose LVs we should list
  @rtype: dict
  @return:
      dictionary of all partions (key) with value being a tuple of
      their size (in MiB), inactive and online status::

        {'test1': ('20.06', True, True)}

      in case of errors, a string is returned with the error
      details.

  """
  lvs = {}
  sep = '|'
  result = utils.RunCmd(["lvs", "--noheadings", "--units=m", "--nosuffix",
                         "--separator=%s" % sep,
                         "-olv_name,lv_size,lv_attr", vg_name])
  if result.failed:
    _Fail("Failed to list logical volumes, lvs output: %s", result.output)

  valid_line_re = re.compile("^ *([^|]+)\|([0-9.]+)\|([^|]{6})\|?$")
  for line in result.stdout.splitlines():
    line = line.strip()
    match = valid_line_re.match(line)
    if not match:
      logging.error("Invalid line returned from lvs output: '%s'", line)
      continue
    name, size, attr = match.groups()
    inactive = attr[4] == '-'
    online = attr[5] == 'o'
    virtual = attr[0] == 'v'
    if virtual:
      # we don't want to report such volumes as existing, since they
      # don't really hold data
      continue
    lvs[name] = (size, inactive, online)

  return lvs


def ListVolumeGroups():
  """List the volume groups and their size.

  @rtype: dict
  @return: dictionary with keys volume name and values the
      size of the volume

  """
  return utils.ListVolumeGroups()


def NodeVolumes():
  """List all volumes on this node.

  @rtype: list
  @return:
    A list of dictionaries, each having four keys:
      - name: the logical volume name,
      - size: the size of the logical volume
      - dev: the physical device on which the LV lives
      - vg: the volume group to which it belongs

    In case of errors, we return an empty list and log the
    error.

    Note that since a logical volume can live on multiple physical
    volumes, the resulting list might include a logical volume
    multiple times.

  """
  result = utils.RunCmd(["lvs", "--noheadings", "--units=m", "--nosuffix",
                         "--separator=|",
                         "--options=lv_name,lv_size,devices,vg_name"])
  if result.failed:
    _Fail("Failed to list logical volumes, lvs output: %s",
          result.output)

  def parse_dev(dev):
    return dev.split('(')[0]

  def handle_dev(dev):
    return [parse_dev(x) for x in dev.split(",")]

  def map_line(line):
    line = [v.strip() for v in line]
    return [{'name': line[0], 'size': line[1],
             'dev': dev, 'vg': line[3]} for dev in handle_dev(line[2])]

  all_devs = []
  for line in result.stdout.splitlines():
    if line.count('|') >= 3:
      all_devs.extend(map_line(line.split('|')))
    else:
      logging.warning("Strange line in the output from lvs: '%s'", line)
  return all_devs


def BridgesExist(bridges_list):
  """Check if a list of bridges exist on the current node.

  @rtype: boolean
  @return: C{True} if all of them exist, C{False} otherwise

  """
  missing = []
  for bridge in bridges_list:
    if not utils.BridgeExists(bridge):
      missing.append(bridge)

  if missing:
    _Fail("Missing bridges %s", utils.CommaJoin(missing))


def GetInstanceList(hypervisor_list):
  """Provides a list of instances.

  @type hypervisor_list: list
  @param hypervisor_list: the list of hypervisors to query information

  @rtype: list
  @return: a list of all running instances on the current node
    - instance1.example.com
    - instance2.example.com

  """
  results = []
  for hname in hypervisor_list:
    try:
      names = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(hname).ListInstances()
      results.extend(names)
    except errors.HypervisorError, err:
      _Fail("Error enumerating instances (hypervisor %s): %s",
            hname, err, exc=True)

  return results


def GetInstanceInfo(instance, hname):
  """Gives back the information about an instance as a dictionary.

  @type instance: string
  @param instance: the instance name
  @type hname: string
  @param hname: the hypervisor type of the instance

  @rtype: dict
  @return: dictionary with the following keys:
      - memory: memory size of instance (int)
      - state: xen state of instance (string)
      - time: cpu time of instance (float)

  """
  output = {}

  iinfo = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(hname).GetInstanceInfo(instance)
  if iinfo is not None:
    output['memory'] = iinfo[2]
    output['state'] = iinfo[4]
    output['time'] = iinfo[5]

  return output


def GetInstanceMigratable(instance):
  """Gives whether an instance can be migrated.

  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: object representing the instance to be checked.

  @rtype: tuple
  @return: tuple of (result, description) where:
      - result: whether the instance can be migrated or not
      - description: a description of the issue, if relevant

  """
  hyper = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(instance.hypervisor)
  iname = instance.name
  if iname not in hyper.ListInstances():
    _Fail("Instance %s is not running", iname)

  for idx in range(len(instance.disks)):
    link_name = _GetBlockDevSymlinkPath(iname, idx)
    if not os.path.islink(link_name):
      _Fail("Instance %s was not restarted since ganeti 1.2.5", iname)


def GetAllInstancesInfo(hypervisor_list):
  """Gather data about all instances.

  This is the equivalent of L{GetInstanceInfo}, except that it
  computes data for all instances at once, thus being faster if one
  needs data about more than one instance.

  @type hypervisor_list: list
  @param hypervisor_list: list of hypervisors to query for instance data

  @rtype: dict
  @return: dictionary of instance: data, with data having the following keys:
      - memory: memory size of instance (int)
      - state: xen state of instance (string)
      - time: cpu time of instance (float)
      - vcpus: the number of vcpus

  """
  output = {}

  for hname in hypervisor_list:
    iinfo = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(hname).GetAllInstancesInfo()
    if iinfo:
      for name, _, memory, vcpus, state, times in iinfo:
        value = {
          'memory': memory,
          'vcpus': vcpus,
          'state': state,
          'time': times,
          }
        if name in output:
          # we only check static parameters, like memory and vcpus,
          # and not state and time which can change between the
          # invocations of the different hypervisors
          for key in 'memory', 'vcpus':
            if value[key] != output[name][key]:
              _Fail("Instance %s is running twice"
                    " with different parameters", name)
        output[name] = value

  return output


def _InstanceLogName(kind, os_name, instance):
  """Compute the OS log filename for a given instance and operation.

  The instance name and os name are passed in as strings since not all
  operations have these as part of an instance object.

  @type kind: string
  @param kind: the operation type (e.g. add, import, etc.)
  @type os_name: string
  @param os_name: the os name
  @type instance: string
  @param instance: the name of the instance being imported/added/etc.

  """
  # TODO: Use tempfile.mkstemp to create unique filename
  base = ("%s-%s-%s-%s.log" %
          (kind, os_name, instance, utils.TimestampForFilename()))
  return utils.PathJoin(constants.LOG_OS_DIR, base)


def InstanceOsAdd(instance, reinstall, debug):
  """Add an OS to an instance.

  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: Instance whose OS is to be installed
  @type reinstall: boolean
  @param reinstall: whether this is an instance reinstall
  @type debug: integer
  @param debug: debug level, passed to the OS scripts
  @rtype: None

  """
  inst_os = OSFromDisk(instance.os)

  create_env = OSEnvironment(instance, inst_os, debug)
  if reinstall:
    create_env['INSTANCE_REINSTALL'] = "1"

  logfile = _InstanceLogName("add", instance.os, instance.name)

  result = utils.RunCmd([inst_os.create_script], env=create_env,
                        cwd=inst_os.path, output=logfile,)
  if result.failed:
    logging.error("os create command '%s' returned error: %s, logfile: %s,"
                  " output: %s", result.cmd, result.fail_reason, logfile,
                  result.output)
    lines = [utils.SafeEncode(val)
             for val in utils.TailFile(logfile, lines=20)]
    _Fail("OS create script failed (%s), last lines in the"
          " log file:\n%s", result.fail_reason, "\n".join(lines), log=False)


def RunRenameInstance(instance, old_name, debug):
  """Run the OS rename script for an instance.

  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: Instance whose OS is to be installed
  @type old_name: string
  @param old_name: previous instance name
  @type debug: integer
  @param debug: debug level, passed to the OS scripts
  @rtype: boolean
  @return: the success of the operation

  """
  inst_os = OSFromDisk(instance.os)

  rename_env = OSEnvironment(instance, inst_os, debug)
  rename_env['OLD_INSTANCE_NAME'] = old_name

  logfile = _InstanceLogName("rename", instance.os,
                             "%s-%s" % (old_name, instance.name))

  result = utils.RunCmd([inst_os.rename_script], env=rename_env,
                        cwd=inst_os.path, output=logfile)

  if result.failed:
    logging.error("os create command '%s' returned error: %s output: %s",
                  result.cmd, result.fail_reason, result.output)
    lines = [utils.SafeEncode(val)
             for val in utils.TailFile(logfile, lines=20)]
    _Fail("OS rename script failed (%s), last lines in the"
          " log file:\n%s", result.fail_reason, "\n".join(lines), log=False)


def _GetVGInfo(vg_name):
  """Get information about the volume group.

  @type vg_name: str
  @param vg_name: the volume group which we query
  @rtype: dict
  @return:
    A dictionary with the following keys:
      - C{vg_size} is the total size of the volume group in MiB
      - C{vg_free} is the free size of the volume group in MiB
      - C{pv_count} are the number of physical disks in that VG

    If an error occurs during gathering of data, we return the same dict
    with keys all set to None.

  """
  retdic = dict.fromkeys(["vg_size", "vg_free", "pv_count"])

  retval = utils.RunCmd(["vgs", "-ovg_size,vg_free,pv_count", "--noheadings",
                         "--nosuffix", "--units=m", "--separator=:", vg_name])

  if retval.failed:
    logging.error("volume group %s not present", vg_name)
    return retdic
  valarr = retval.stdout.strip().rstrip(':').split(':')
  if len(valarr) == 3:
    try:
      retdic = {
        "vg_size": int(round(float(valarr[0]), 0)),
        "vg_free": int(round(float(valarr[1]), 0)),
        "pv_count": int(valarr[2]),
        }
    except (TypeError, ValueError), err:
      logging.exception("Fail to parse vgs output: %s", err)
  else:
    logging.error("vgs output has the wrong number of fields (expected"
                  " three): %s", str(valarr))
  return retdic


def _GetBlockDevSymlinkPath(instance_name, idx):
  return utils.PathJoin(constants.DISK_LINKS_DIR,
                        "%s:%d" % (instance_name, idx))


def _SymlinkBlockDev(instance_name, device_path, idx):
  """Set up symlinks to a instance's block device.

  This is an auxiliary function run when an instance is start (on the primary
  node) or when an instance is migrated (on the target node).


  @param instance_name: the name of the target instance
  @param device_path: path of the physical block device, on the node
  @param idx: the disk index
  @return: absolute path to the disk's symlink

  """
  link_name = _GetBlockDevSymlinkPath(instance_name, idx)
  try:
    os.symlink(device_path, link_name)
  except OSError, err:
    if err.errno == errno.EEXIST:
      if (not os.path.islink(link_name) or
          os.readlink(link_name) != device_path):
        os.remove(link_name)
        os.symlink(device_path, link_name)
    else:
      raise

  return link_name


def _RemoveBlockDevLinks(instance_name, disks):
  """Remove the block device symlinks belonging to the given instance.

  """
  for idx, _ in enumerate(disks):
    link_name = _GetBlockDevSymlinkPath(instance_name, idx)
    if os.path.islink(link_name):
      try:
        os.remove(link_name)
      except OSError:
        logging.exception("Can't remove symlink '%s'", link_name)


def _GatherAndLinkBlockDevs(instance):
  """Set up an instance's block device(s).

  This is run on the primary node at instance startup. The block
  devices must be already assembled.

  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: the instance whose disks we shoul assemble
  @rtype: list
  @return: list of (disk_object, device_path)

  """
  block_devices = []
  for idx, disk in enumerate(instance.disks):
    device = _RecursiveFindBD(disk)
    if device is None:
      raise errors.BlockDeviceError("Block device '%s' is not set up." %
                                    str(disk))
    device.Open()
    try:
      link_name = _SymlinkBlockDev(instance.name, device.dev_path, idx)
    except OSError, e:
      raise errors.BlockDeviceError("Cannot create block device symlink: %s" %
                                    e.strerror)

    block_devices.append((disk, link_name))

  return block_devices


def StartInstance(instance):
  """Start an instance.

  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: the instance object
  @rtype: None

  """
  running_instances = GetInstanceList([instance.hypervisor])

  if instance.name in running_instances:
    logging.info("Instance %s already running, not starting", instance.name)
    return

  try:
    block_devices = _GatherAndLinkBlockDevs(instance)
    hyper = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(instance.hypervisor)
    hyper.StartInstance(instance, block_devices)
  except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
    _Fail("Block device error: %s", err, exc=True)
  except errors.HypervisorError, err:
    _RemoveBlockDevLinks(instance.name, instance.disks)
    _Fail("Hypervisor error: %s", err, exc=True)


def InstanceShutdown(instance, timeout):
  """Shut an instance down.

  @note: this functions uses polling with a hardcoded timeout.

  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: the instance object
  @type timeout: integer
  @param timeout: maximum timeout for soft shutdown
  @rtype: None

  """
  hv_name = instance.hypervisor
  hyper = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(hv_name)
  iname = instance.name

  if instance.name not in hyper.ListInstances():
    logging.info("Instance %s not running, doing nothing", iname)
    return

  class _TryShutdown:
    def __init__(self):
      self.tried_once = False

    def __call__(self):
      if iname not in hyper.ListInstances():
        return

      try:
        hyper.StopInstance(instance, retry=self.tried_once)
      except errors.HypervisorError, err:
        if iname not in hyper.ListInstances():
          # if the instance is no longer existing, consider this a
          # success and go to cleanup
          return

        _Fail("Failed to stop instance %s: %s", iname, err)

      self.tried_once = True

      raise utils.RetryAgain()

  try:
    utils.Retry(_TryShutdown(), 5, timeout)
  except utils.RetryTimeout:
    # the shutdown did not succeed
    logging.error("Shutdown of '%s' unsuccessful, forcing", iname)

    try:
      hyper.StopInstance(instance, force=True)
    except errors.HypervisorError, err:
      if iname in hyper.ListInstances():
        # only raise an error if the instance still exists, otherwise
        # the error could simply be "instance ... unknown"!
        _Fail("Failed to force stop instance %s: %s", iname, err)

    time.sleep(1)

    if iname in hyper.ListInstances():
      _Fail("Could not shutdown instance %s even by destroy", iname)

  try:
    hyper.CleanupInstance(instance.name)
  except errors.HypervisorError, err:
    logging.warning("Failed to execute post-shutdown cleanup step: %s", err)

  _RemoveBlockDevLinks(iname, instance.disks)


def InstanceReboot(instance, reboot_type, shutdown_timeout):
  """Reboot an instance.

  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: the instance object to reboot
  @type reboot_type: str
  @param reboot_type: the type of reboot, one the following
    constants:
      - L{constants.INSTANCE_REBOOT_SOFT}: only reboot the
        instance OS, do not recreate the VM
      - L{constants.INSTANCE_REBOOT_HARD}: tear down and
        restart the VM (at the hypervisor level)
      - the other reboot type (L{constants.INSTANCE_REBOOT_FULL}) is
        not accepted here, since that mode is handled differently, in
        cmdlib, and translates into full stop and start of the
        instance (instead of a call_instance_reboot RPC)
  @type shutdown_timeout: integer
  @param shutdown_timeout: maximum timeout for soft shutdown
  @rtype: None

  """
  running_instances = GetInstanceList([instance.hypervisor])

  if instance.name not in running_instances:
    _Fail("Cannot reboot instance %s that is not running", instance.name)

  hyper = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(instance.hypervisor)
  if reboot_type == constants.INSTANCE_REBOOT_SOFT:
    try:
      hyper.RebootInstance(instance)
    except errors.HypervisorError, err:
      _Fail("Failed to soft reboot instance %s: %s", instance.name, err)
  elif reboot_type == constants.INSTANCE_REBOOT_HARD:
    try:
      InstanceShutdown(instance, shutdown_timeout)
      return StartInstance(instance)
    except errors.HypervisorError, err:
      _Fail("Failed to hard reboot instance %s: %s", instance.name, err)
  else:
    _Fail("Invalid reboot_type received: %s", reboot_type)


def MigrationInfo(instance):
  """Gather information about an instance to be migrated.

  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: the instance definition

  """
  hyper = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(instance.hypervisor)
  try:
    info = hyper.MigrationInfo(instance)
  except errors.HypervisorError, err:
    _Fail("Failed to fetch migration information: %s", err, exc=True)
  return info


def AcceptInstance(instance, info, target):
  """Prepare the node to accept an instance.

  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: the instance definition
  @type info: string/data (opaque)
  @param info: migration information, from the source node
  @type target: string
  @param target: target host (usually ip), on this node

  """
  hyper = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(instance.hypervisor)
  try:
    hyper.AcceptInstance(instance, info, target)
  except errors.HypervisorError, err:
    _Fail("Failed to accept instance: %s", err, exc=True)


def FinalizeMigration(instance, info, success):
  """Finalize any preparation to accept an instance.

  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: the instance definition
  @type info: string/data (opaque)
  @param info: migration information, from the source node
  @type success: boolean
  @param success: whether the migration was a success or a failure

  """
  hyper = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(instance.hypervisor)
  try:
    hyper.FinalizeMigration(instance, info, success)
  except errors.HypervisorError, err:
    _Fail("Failed to finalize migration: %s", err, exc=True)


def MigrateInstance(instance, target, live):
  """Migrates an instance to another node.

  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: the instance definition
  @type target: string
  @param target: the target node name
  @type live: boolean
  @param live: whether the migration should be done live or not (the
      interpretation of this parameter is left to the hypervisor)
  @rtype: tuple
  @return: a tuple of (success, msg) where:
      - succes is a boolean denoting the success/failure of the operation
      - msg is a string with details in case of failure

  """
  hyper = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(instance.hypervisor)

  try:
    hyper.MigrateInstance(instance, target, live)
  except errors.HypervisorError, err:
    _Fail("Failed to migrate instance: %s", err, exc=True)


def BlockdevCreate(disk, size, owner, on_primary, info):
  """Creates a block device for an instance.

  @type disk: L{objects.Disk}
  @param disk: the object describing the disk we should create
  @type size: int
  @param size: the size of the physical underlying device, in MiB
  @type owner: str
  @param owner: the name of the instance for which disk is created,
      used for device cache data
  @type on_primary: boolean
  @param on_primary:  indicates if it is the primary node or not
  @type info: string
  @param info: string that will be sent to the physical device
      creation, used for example to set (LVM) tags on LVs

  @return: the new unique_id of the device (this can sometime be
      computed only after creation), or None. On secondary nodes,
      it's not required to return anything.

  """
  # TODO: remove the obsolete 'size' argument
  # pylint: disable-msg=W0613
  clist = []
  if disk.children:
    for child in disk.children:
      try:
        crdev = _RecursiveAssembleBD(child, owner, on_primary)
      except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
        _Fail("Can't assemble device %s: %s", child, err)
      if on_primary or disk.AssembleOnSecondary():
        # we need the children open in case the device itself has to
        # be assembled
        try:
          # pylint: disable-msg=E1103
          crdev.Open()
        except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
          _Fail("Can't make child '%s' read-write: %s", child, err)
      clist.append(crdev)

  try:
    device = bdev.Create(disk.dev_type, disk.physical_id, clist, disk.size)
  except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
    _Fail("Can't create block device: %s", err)

  if on_primary or disk.AssembleOnSecondary():
    try:
      device.Assemble()
    except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
      _Fail("Can't assemble device after creation, unusual event: %s", err)
    device.SetSyncSpeed(constants.SYNC_SPEED)
    if on_primary or disk.OpenOnSecondary():
      try:
        device.Open(force=True)
      except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
        _Fail("Can't make device r/w after creation, unusual event: %s", err)
    DevCacheManager.UpdateCache(device.dev_path, owner,
                                on_primary, disk.iv_name)

  device.SetInfo(info)

  return device.unique_id


def BlockdevRemove(disk):
  """Remove a block device.

  @note: This is intended to be called recursively.

  @type disk: L{objects.Disk}
  @param disk: the disk object we should remove
  @rtype: boolean
  @return: the success of the operation

  """
  msgs = []
  try:
    rdev = _RecursiveFindBD(disk)
  except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
    # probably can't attach
    logging.info("Can't attach to device %s in remove", disk)
    rdev = None
  if rdev is not None:
    r_path = rdev.dev_path
    try:
      rdev.Remove()
    except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
      msgs.append(str(err))
    if not msgs:
      DevCacheManager.RemoveCache(r_path)

  if disk.children:
    for child in disk.children:
      try:
        BlockdevRemove(child)
      except RPCFail, err:
        msgs.append(str(err))

  if msgs:
    _Fail("; ".join(msgs))


def _RecursiveAssembleBD(disk, owner, as_primary):
  """Activate a block device for an instance.

  This is run on the primary and secondary nodes for an instance.

  @note: this function is called recursively.

  @type disk: L{objects.Disk}
  @param disk: the disk we try to assemble
  @type owner: str
  @param owner: the name of the instance which owns the disk
  @type as_primary: boolean
  @param as_primary: if we should make the block device
      read/write

  @return: the assembled device or None (in case no device
      was assembled)
  @raise errors.BlockDeviceError: in case there is an error
      during the activation of the children or the device
      itself

  """
  children = []
  if disk.children:
    mcn = disk.ChildrenNeeded()
    if mcn == -1:
      mcn = 0 # max number of Nones allowed
    else:
      mcn = len(disk.children) - mcn # max number of Nones
    for chld_disk in disk.children:
      try:
        cdev = _RecursiveAssembleBD(chld_disk, owner, as_primary)
      except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
        if children.count(None) >= mcn:
          raise
        cdev = None
        logging.error("Error in child activation (but continuing): %s",
                      str(err))
      children.append(cdev)

  if as_primary or disk.AssembleOnSecondary():
    r_dev = bdev.Assemble(disk.dev_type, disk.physical_id, children, disk.size)
    r_dev.SetSyncSpeed(constants.SYNC_SPEED)
    result = r_dev
    if as_primary or disk.OpenOnSecondary():
      r_dev.Open()
    DevCacheManager.UpdateCache(r_dev.dev_path, owner,
                                as_primary, disk.iv_name)

  else:
    result = True
  return result


def BlockdevAssemble(disk, owner, as_primary):
  """Activate a block device for an instance.

  This is a wrapper over _RecursiveAssembleBD.

  @rtype: str or boolean
  @return: a C{/dev/...} path for primary nodes, and
      C{True} for secondary nodes

  """
  try:
    result = _RecursiveAssembleBD(disk, owner, as_primary)
    if isinstance(result, bdev.BlockDev):
      # pylint: disable-msg=E1103
      result = result.dev_path
  except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
    _Fail("Error while assembling disk: %s", err, exc=True)

  return result


def BlockdevShutdown(disk):
  """Shut down a block device.

  First, if the device is assembled (Attach() is successful), then
  the device is shutdown. Then the children of the device are
  shutdown.

  This function is called recursively. Note that we don't cache the
  children or such, as oppossed to assemble, shutdown of different
  devices doesn't require that the upper device was active.

  @type disk: L{objects.Disk}
  @param disk: the description of the disk we should
      shutdown
  @rtype: None

  """
  msgs = []
  r_dev = _RecursiveFindBD(disk)
  if r_dev is not None:
    r_path = r_dev.dev_path
    try:
      r_dev.Shutdown()
      DevCacheManager.RemoveCache(r_path)
    except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
      msgs.append(str(err))

  if disk.children:
    for child in disk.children:
      try:
        BlockdevShutdown(child)
      except RPCFail, err:
        msgs.append(str(err))

  if msgs:
    _Fail("; ".join(msgs))


def BlockdevAddchildren(parent_cdev, new_cdevs):
  """Extend a mirrored block device.

  @type parent_cdev: L{objects.Disk}
  @param parent_cdev: the disk to which we should add children
  @type new_cdevs: list of L{objects.Disk}
  @param new_cdevs: the list of children which we should add
  @rtype: None

  """
  parent_bdev = _RecursiveFindBD(parent_cdev)
  if parent_bdev is None:
    _Fail("Can't find parent device '%s' in add children", parent_cdev)
  new_bdevs = [_RecursiveFindBD(disk) for disk in new_cdevs]
  if new_bdevs.count(None) > 0:
    _Fail("Can't find new device(s) to add: %s:%s", new_bdevs, new_cdevs)
  parent_bdev.AddChildren(new_bdevs)


def BlockdevRemovechildren(parent_cdev, new_cdevs):
  """Shrink a mirrored block device.

  @type parent_cdev: L{objects.Disk}
  @param parent_cdev: the disk from which we should remove children
  @type new_cdevs: list of L{objects.Disk}
  @param new_cdevs: the list of children which we should remove
  @rtype: None

  """
  parent_bdev = _RecursiveFindBD(parent_cdev)
  if parent_bdev is None:
    _Fail("Can't find parent device '%s' in remove children", parent_cdev)
  devs = []
  for disk in new_cdevs:
    rpath = disk.StaticDevPath()
    if rpath is None:
      bd = _RecursiveFindBD(disk)
      if bd is None:
        _Fail("Can't find device %s while removing children", disk)
      else:
        devs.append(bd.dev_path)
    else:
      if not utils.IsNormAbsPath(rpath):
        _Fail("Strange path returned from StaticDevPath: '%s'", rpath)
      devs.append(rpath)
  parent_bdev.RemoveChildren(devs)


def BlockdevGetmirrorstatus(disks):
  """Get the mirroring status of a list of devices.

  @type disks: list of L{objects.Disk}
  @param disks: the list of disks which we should query
  @rtype: disk
  @return:
      a list of (mirror_done, estimated_time) tuples, which
      are the result of L{bdev.BlockDev.CombinedSyncStatus}
  @raise errors.BlockDeviceError: if any of the disks cannot be
      found

  """
  stats = []
  for dsk in disks:
    rbd = _RecursiveFindBD(dsk)
    if rbd is None:
      _Fail("Can't find device %s", dsk)

    stats.append(rbd.CombinedSyncStatus())

  return stats


def _RecursiveFindBD(disk):
  """Check if a device is activated.

  If so, return information about the real device.

  @type disk: L{objects.Disk}
  @param disk: the disk object we need to find

  @return: None if the device can't be found,
      otherwise the device instance

  """
  children = []
  if disk.children:
    for chdisk in disk.children:
      children.append(_RecursiveFindBD(chdisk))

  return bdev.FindDevice(disk.dev_type, disk.physical_id, children, disk.size)


def _OpenRealBD(disk):
  """Opens the underlying block device of a disk.

  @type disk: L{objects.Disk}
  @param disk: the disk object we want to open

  """
  real_disk = _RecursiveFindBD(disk)
  if real_disk is None:
    _Fail("Block device '%s' is not set up", disk)

  real_disk.Open()

  return real_disk


def BlockdevFind(disk):
  """Check if a device is activated.

  If it is, return information about the real device.

  @type disk: L{objects.Disk}
  @param disk: the disk to find
  @rtype: None or objects.BlockDevStatus
  @return: None if the disk cannot be found, otherwise a the current
           information

  """
  try:
    rbd = _RecursiveFindBD(disk)
  except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
    _Fail("Failed to find device: %s", err, exc=True)

  if rbd is None:
    return None

  return rbd.GetSyncStatus()


def BlockdevGetsize(disks):
  """Computes the size of the given disks.

  If a disk is not found, returns None instead.

  @type disks: list of L{objects.Disk}
  @param disks: the list of disk to compute the size for
  @rtype: list
  @return: list with elements None if the disk cannot be found,
      otherwise the size

  """
  result = []
  for cf in disks:
    try:
      rbd = _RecursiveFindBD(cf)
    except errors.BlockDeviceError:
      result.append(None)
      continue
    if rbd is None:
      result.append(None)
    else:
      result.append(rbd.GetActualSize())
  return result


def BlockdevExport(disk, dest_node, dest_path, cluster_name):
  """Export a block device to a remote node.

  @type disk: L{objects.Disk}
  @param disk: the description of the disk to export
  @type dest_node: str
  @param dest_node: the destination node to export to
  @type dest_path: str
  @param dest_path: the destination path on the target node
  @type cluster_name: str
  @param cluster_name: the cluster name, needed for SSH hostalias
  @rtype: None

  """
  real_disk = _OpenRealBD(disk)

  # the block size on the read dd is 1MiB to match our units
  expcmd = utils.BuildShellCmd("set -e; set -o pipefail; "
                               "dd if=%s bs=1048576 count=%s",
                               real_disk.dev_path, str(disk.size))

  # we set here a smaller block size as, due to ssh buffering, more
  # than 64-128k will mostly ignored; we use nocreat to fail if the
  # device is not already there or we pass a wrong path; we use
  # notrunc to no attempt truncate on an LV device; we use oflag=dsync
  # to not buffer too much memory; this means that at best, we flush
  # every 64k, which will not be very fast
  destcmd = utils.BuildShellCmd("dd of=%s conv=nocreat,notrunc bs=65536"
                                " oflag=dsync", dest_path)

  remotecmd = _GetSshRunner(cluster_name).BuildCmd(dest_node,
                                                   constants.GANETI_RUNAS,
                                                   destcmd)

  # all commands have been checked, so we're safe to combine them
  command = '|'.join([expcmd, utils.ShellQuoteArgs(remotecmd)])

  result = utils.RunCmd(["bash", "-c", command])

  if result.failed:
    _Fail("Disk copy command '%s' returned error: %s"
          " output: %s", command, result.fail_reason, result.output)


def UploadFile(file_name, data, mode, uid, gid, atime, mtime):
  """Write a file to the filesystem.

  This allows the master to overwrite(!) a file. It will only perform
  the operation if the file belongs to a list of configuration files.

  @type file_name: str
  @param file_name: the target file name
  @type data: str
  @param data: the new contents of the file
  @type mode: int
  @param mode: the mode to give the file (can be None)
  @type uid: int
  @param uid: the owner of the file (can be -1 for default)
  @type gid: int
  @param gid: the group of the file (can be -1 for default)
  @type atime: float
  @param atime: the atime to set on the file (can be None)
  @type mtime: float
  @param mtime: the mtime to set on the file (can be None)
  @rtype: None

  """
  if not os.path.isabs(file_name):
    _Fail("Filename passed to UploadFile is not absolute: '%s'", file_name)

  if file_name not in _ALLOWED_UPLOAD_FILES:
    _Fail("Filename passed to UploadFile not in allowed upload targets: '%s'",
          file_name)

  raw_data = _Decompress(data)

  utils.WriteFile(file_name, data=raw_data, mode=mode, uid=uid, gid=gid,
                  atime=atime, mtime=mtime)


def WriteSsconfFiles(values):
  """Update all ssconf files.

  Wrapper around the SimpleStore.WriteFiles.

  """
  ssconf.SimpleStore().WriteFiles(values)


def _ErrnoOrStr(err):
  """Format an EnvironmentError exception.

  If the L{err} argument has an errno attribute, it will be looked up
  and converted into a textual C{E...} description. Otherwise the
  string representation of the error will be returned.

  @type err: L{EnvironmentError}
  @param err: the exception to format

  """
  if hasattr(err, 'errno'):
    detail = errno.errorcode[err.errno]
  else:
    detail = str(err)
  return detail


def _OSOndiskAPIVersion(os_dir):
  """Compute and return the API version of a given OS.

  This function will try to read the API version of the OS residing in
  the 'os_dir' directory.

  @type os_dir: str
  @param os_dir: the directory in which we should look for the OS
  @rtype: tuple
  @return: tuple (status, data) with status denoting the validity and
      data holding either the vaid versions or an error message

  """
  api_file = utils.PathJoin(os_dir, constants.OS_API_FILE)

  try:
    st = os.stat(api_file)
  except EnvironmentError, err:
    return False, ("Required file '%s' not found under path %s: %s" %
                   (constants.OS_API_FILE, os_dir, _ErrnoOrStr(err)))

  if not stat.S_ISREG(stat.S_IFMT(st.st_mode)):
    return False, ("File '%s' in %s is not a regular file" %
                   (constants.OS_API_FILE, os_dir))

  try:
    api_versions = utils.ReadFile(api_file).splitlines()
  except EnvironmentError, err:
    return False, ("Error while reading the API version file at %s: %s" %
                   (api_file, _ErrnoOrStr(err)))

  try:
    api_versions = [int(version.strip()) for version in api_versions]
  except (TypeError, ValueError), err:
    return False, ("API version(s) can't be converted to integer: %s" %
                   str(err))

  return True, api_versions


def DiagnoseOS(top_dirs=None):
  """Compute the validity for all OSes.

  @type top_dirs: list
  @param top_dirs: the list of directories in which to
      search (if not given defaults to
      L{constants.OS_SEARCH_PATH})
  @rtype: list of L{objects.OS}
  @return: a list of tuples (name, path, status, diagnose, variants)
      for all (potential) OSes under all search paths, where:
          - name is the (potential) OS name
          - path is the full path to the OS
          - status True/False is the validity of the OS
          - diagnose is the error message for an invalid OS, otherwise empty
          - variants is a list of supported OS variants, if any

  """
  if top_dirs is None:
    top_dirs = constants.OS_SEARCH_PATH

  result = []
  for dir_name in top_dirs:
    if os.path.isdir(dir_name):
      try:
        f_names = utils.ListVisibleFiles(dir_name)
      except EnvironmentError, err:
        logging.exception("Can't list the OS directory %s: %s", dir_name, err)
        break
      for name in f_names:
        os_path = utils.PathJoin(dir_name, name)
        status, os_inst = _TryOSFromDisk(name, base_dir=dir_name)
        if status:
          diagnose = ""
          variants = os_inst.supported_variants
        else:
          diagnose = os_inst
          variants = []
        result.append((name, os_path, status, diagnose, variants))

  return result


def _TryOSFromDisk(name, base_dir=None):
  """Create an OS instance from disk.

  This function will return an OS instance if the given name is a
  valid OS name.

  @type base_dir: string
  @keyword base_dir: Base directory containing OS installations.
                     Defaults to a search in all the OS_SEARCH_PATH dirs.
  @rtype: tuple
  @return: success and either the OS instance if we find a valid one,
      or error message

  """
  if base_dir is None:
    os_dir = utils.FindFile(name, constants.OS_SEARCH_PATH, os.path.isdir)
  else:
    os_dir = utils.FindFile(name, [base_dir], os.path.isdir)

  if os_dir is None:
    return False, "Directory for OS %s not found in search path" % name

  status, api_versions = _OSOndiskAPIVersion(os_dir)
  if not status:
    # push the error up
    return status, api_versions

  if not constants.OS_API_VERSIONS.intersection(api_versions):
    return False, ("API version mismatch for path '%s': found %s, want %s." %
                   (os_dir, api_versions, constants.OS_API_VERSIONS))

  # OS Files dictionary, we will populate it with the absolute path names
  os_files = dict.fromkeys(constants.OS_SCRIPTS)

  if max(api_versions) >= constants.OS_API_V15:
    os_files[constants.OS_VARIANTS_FILE] = ''

  for filename in os_files:
    os_files[filename] = utils.PathJoin(os_dir, filename)

    try:
      st = os.stat(os_files[filename])
    except EnvironmentError, err:
      return False, ("File '%s' under path '%s' is missing (%s)" %
                     (filename, os_dir, _ErrnoOrStr(err)))

    if not stat.S_ISREG(stat.S_IFMT(st.st_mode)):
      return False, ("File '%s' under path '%s' is not a regular file" %
                     (filename, os_dir))

    if filename in constants.OS_SCRIPTS:
      if stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode) & stat.S_IXUSR != stat.S_IXUSR:
        return False, ("File '%s' under path '%s' is not executable" %
                       (filename, os_dir))

  variants = None
  if constants.OS_VARIANTS_FILE in os_files:
    variants_file = os_files[constants.OS_VARIANTS_FILE]
    try:
      variants = utils.ReadFile(variants_file).splitlines()
    except EnvironmentError, err:
      return False, ("Error while reading the OS variants file at %s: %s" %
                     (variants_file, _ErrnoOrStr(err)))
    if not variants:
      return False, ("No supported os variant found")

  os_obj = objects.OS(name=name, path=os_dir,
                      create_script=os_files[constants.OS_SCRIPT_CREATE],
                      export_script=os_files[constants.OS_SCRIPT_EXPORT],
                      import_script=os_files[constants.OS_SCRIPT_IMPORT],
                      rename_script=os_files[constants.OS_SCRIPT_RENAME],
                      supported_variants=variants,
                      api_versions=api_versions)
  return True, os_obj


def OSFromDisk(name, base_dir=None):
  """Create an OS instance from disk.

  This function will return an OS instance if the given name is a
  valid OS name. Otherwise, it will raise an appropriate
  L{RPCFail} exception, detailing why this is not a valid OS.

  This is just a wrapper over L{_TryOSFromDisk}, which doesn't raise
  an exception but returns true/false status data.

  @type base_dir: string
  @keyword base_dir: Base directory containing OS installations.
                     Defaults to a search in all the OS_SEARCH_PATH dirs.
  @rtype: L{objects.OS}
  @return: the OS instance if we find a valid one
  @raise RPCFail: if we don't find a valid OS

  """
  name_only = name.split("+", 1)[0]
  status, payload = _TryOSFromDisk(name_only, base_dir)

  if not status:
    _Fail(payload)

  return payload


def OSEnvironment(instance, inst_os, debug=0):
  """Calculate the environment for an os script.

  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: target instance for the os script run
  @type inst_os: L{objects.OS}
  @param inst_os: operating system for which the environment is being built
  @type debug: integer
  @param debug: debug level (0 or 1, for OS Api 10)
  @rtype: dict
  @return: dict of environment variables
  @raise errors.BlockDeviceError: if the block device
      cannot be found

  """
  result = {}
  api_version = \
    max(constants.OS_API_VERSIONS.intersection(inst_os.api_versions))
  result['OS_API_VERSION'] = '%d' % api_version
  result['INSTANCE_NAME'] = instance.name
  result['INSTANCE_OS'] = instance.os
  result['HYPERVISOR'] = instance.hypervisor
  result['DISK_COUNT'] = '%d' % len(instance.disks)
  result['NIC_COUNT'] = '%d' % len(instance.nics)
  result['DEBUG_LEVEL'] = '%d' % debug
  if api_version >= constants.OS_API_V15:
    try:
      variant = instance.os.split('+', 1)[1]
    except IndexError:
      variant = inst_os.supported_variants[0]
    result['OS_VARIANT'] = variant
  for idx, disk in enumerate(instance.disks):
    real_disk = _OpenRealBD(disk)
    result['DISK_%d_PATH' % idx] = real_disk.dev_path
    result['DISK_%d_ACCESS' % idx] = disk.mode
    if constants.HV_DISK_TYPE in instance.hvparams:
      result['DISK_%d_FRONTEND_TYPE' % idx] = \
        instance.hvparams[constants.HV_DISK_TYPE]
    if disk.dev_type in constants.LDS_BLOCK:
      result['DISK_%d_BACKEND_TYPE' % idx] = 'block'
    elif disk.dev_type == constants.LD_FILE:
      result['DISK_%d_BACKEND_TYPE' % idx] = \
        'file:%s' % disk.physical_id[0]
  for idx, nic in enumerate(instance.nics):
    result['NIC_%d_MAC' % idx] = nic.mac
    if nic.ip:
      result['NIC_%d_IP' % idx] = nic.ip
    result['NIC_%d_MODE' % idx] = nic.nicparams[constants.NIC_MODE]
    if nic.nicparams[constants.NIC_MODE] == constants.NIC_MODE_BRIDGED:
      result['NIC_%d_BRIDGE' % idx] = nic.nicparams[constants.NIC_LINK]
    if nic.nicparams[constants.NIC_LINK]:
      result['NIC_%d_LINK' % idx] = nic.nicparams[constants.NIC_LINK]
    if constants.HV_NIC_TYPE in instance.hvparams:
      result['NIC_%d_FRONTEND_TYPE' % idx] = \
        instance.hvparams[constants.HV_NIC_TYPE]

  for source, kind in [(instance.beparams, "BE"), (instance.hvparams, "HV")]:
    for key, value in source.items():
      result["INSTANCE_%s_%s" % (kind, key)] = str(value)

  return result


def BlockdevGrow(disk, amount):
  """Grow a stack of block devices.

  This function is called recursively, with the childrens being the
  first ones to resize.

  @type disk: L{objects.Disk}
  @param disk: the disk to be grown
  @rtype: (status, result)
  @return: a tuple with the status of the operation
      (True/False), and the errors message if status
      is False

  """
  r_dev = _RecursiveFindBD(disk)
  if r_dev is None:
    _Fail("Cannot find block device %s", disk)

  try:
    r_dev.Grow(amount)
  except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
    _Fail("Failed to grow block device: %s", err, exc=True)


def BlockdevSnapshot(disk):
  """Create a snapshot copy of a block device.

  This function is called recursively, and the snapshot is actually created
  just for the leaf lvm backend device.

  @type disk: L{objects.Disk}
  @param disk: the disk to be snapshotted
  @rtype: string
  @return: snapshot disk path

  """
  if disk.dev_type == constants.LD_DRBD8:
    if not disk.children:
      _Fail("DRBD device '%s' without backing storage cannot be snapshotted",
            disk.unique_id)
    return BlockdevSnapshot(disk.children[0])
  elif disk.dev_type == constants.LD_LV:
    r_dev = _RecursiveFindBD(disk)
    if r_dev is not None:
      # FIXME: choose a saner value for the snapshot size
      # let's stay on the safe side and ask for the full size, for now
      return r_dev.Snapshot(disk.size)
    else:
      _Fail("Cannot find block device %s", disk)
  else:
    _Fail("Cannot snapshot non-lvm block device '%s' of type '%s'",
          disk.unique_id, disk.dev_type)


def ExportSnapshot(disk, dest_node, instance, cluster_name, idx, debug):
  """Export a block device snapshot to a remote node.

  @type disk: L{objects.Disk}
  @param disk: the description of the disk to export
  @type dest_node: str
  @param dest_node: the destination node to export to
  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: the instance object to whom the disk belongs
  @type cluster_name: str
  @param cluster_name: the cluster name, needed for SSH hostalias
  @type idx: int
  @param idx: the index of the disk in the instance's disk list,
      used to export to the OS scripts environment
  @type debug: integer
  @param debug: debug level, passed to the OS scripts
  @rtype: None

  """
  inst_os = OSFromDisk(instance.os)
  export_env = OSEnvironment(instance, inst_os, debug)

  export_script = inst_os.export_script

  logfile = _InstanceLogName("export", inst_os.name, instance.name)
  if not os.path.exists(constants.LOG_OS_DIR):
    os.mkdir(constants.LOG_OS_DIR, 0750)

  real_disk = _OpenRealBD(disk)

  export_env['EXPORT_DEVICE'] = real_disk.dev_path
  export_env['EXPORT_INDEX'] = str(idx)

  destdir = utils.PathJoin(constants.EXPORT_DIR, instance.name + ".new")
  destfile = disk.physical_id[1]

  # the target command is built out of three individual commands,
  # which are joined by pipes; we check each individual command for
  # valid parameters
  expcmd = utils.BuildShellCmd("set -e; set -o pipefail; cd %s; %s 2>%s",
                               inst_os.path, export_script, logfile)

  comprcmd = "gzip"

  destcmd = utils.BuildShellCmd("mkdir -p %s && cat > %s",
                                destdir, utils.PathJoin(destdir, destfile))
  remotecmd = _GetSshRunner(cluster_name).BuildCmd(dest_node,
                                                   constants.GANETI_RUNAS,
                                                   destcmd)

  # all commands have been checked, so we're safe to combine them
  command = '|'.join([expcmd, comprcmd, utils.ShellQuoteArgs(remotecmd)])

  result = utils.RunCmd(["bash", "-c", command], env=export_env)

  if result.failed:
    _Fail("OS snapshot export command '%s' returned error: %s"
          " output: %s", command, result.fail_reason, result.output)


def FinalizeExport(instance, snap_disks):
  """Write out the export configuration information.

  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: the instance which we export, used for
      saving configuration
  @type snap_disks: list of L{objects.Disk}
  @param snap_disks: list of snapshot block devices, which
      will be used to get the actual name of the dump file

  @rtype: None

  """
  destdir = utils.PathJoin(constants.EXPORT_DIR, instance.name + ".new")
  finaldestdir = utils.PathJoin(constants.EXPORT_DIR, instance.name)

  config = objects.SerializableConfigParser()

  config.add_section(constants.INISECT_EXP)
  config.set(constants.INISECT_EXP, 'version', '0')
  config.set(constants.INISECT_EXP, 'timestamp', '%d' % int(time.time()))
  config.set(constants.INISECT_EXP, 'source', instance.primary_node)
  config.set(constants.INISECT_EXP, 'os', instance.os)
  config.set(constants.INISECT_EXP, 'compression', 'gzip')

  config.add_section(constants.INISECT_INS)
  config.set(constants.INISECT_INS, 'name', instance.name)
  config.set(constants.INISECT_INS, 'memory', '%d' %
             instance.beparams[constants.BE_MEMORY])
  config.set(constants.INISECT_INS, 'vcpus', '%d' %
             instance.beparams[constants.BE_VCPUS])
  config.set(constants.INISECT_INS, 'disk_template', instance.disk_template)
  config.set(constants.INISECT_INS, 'hypervisor', instance.hypervisor)

  nic_total = 0
  for nic_count, nic in enumerate(instance.nics):
    nic_total += 1
    config.set(constants.INISECT_INS, 'nic%d_mac' %
               nic_count, '%s' % nic.mac)
    config.set(constants.INISECT_INS, 'nic%d_ip' % nic_count, '%s' % nic.ip)
    for param in constants.NICS_PARAMETER_TYPES:
      config.set(constants.INISECT_INS, 'nic%d_%s' % (nic_count, param),
                 '%s' % nic.nicparams.get(param, None))
  # TODO: redundant: on load can read nics until it doesn't exist
  config.set(constants.INISECT_INS, 'nic_count' , '%d' % nic_total)

  disk_total = 0
  for disk_count, disk in enumerate(snap_disks):
    if disk:
      disk_total += 1
      config.set(constants.INISECT_INS, 'disk%d_ivname' % disk_count,
                 ('%s' % disk.iv_name))
      config.set(constants.INISECT_INS, 'disk%d_dump' % disk_count,
                 ('%s' % disk.physical_id[1]))
      config.set(constants.INISECT_INS, 'disk%d_size' % disk_count,
                 ('%d' % disk.size))

  config.set(constants.INISECT_INS, 'disk_count' , '%d' % disk_total)

  # New-style hypervisor/backend parameters

  config.add_section(constants.INISECT_HYP)
  for name, value in instance.hvparams.items():
    if name not in constants.HVC_GLOBALS:
      config.set(constants.INISECT_HYP, name, str(value))

  config.add_section(constants.INISECT_BEP)
  for name, value in instance.beparams.items():
    config.set(constants.INISECT_BEP, name, str(value))

  utils.WriteFile(utils.PathJoin(destdir, constants.EXPORT_CONF_FILE),
                  data=config.Dumps())
  shutil.rmtree(finaldestdir, ignore_errors=True)
  shutil.move(destdir, finaldestdir)


def ExportInfo(dest):
  """Get export configuration information.

  @type dest: str
  @param dest: directory containing the export

  @rtype: L{objects.SerializableConfigParser}
  @return: a serializable config file containing the
      export info

  """
  cff = utils.PathJoin(dest, constants.EXPORT_CONF_FILE)

  config = objects.SerializableConfigParser()
  config.read(cff)

  if (not config.has_section(constants.INISECT_EXP) or
      not config.has_section(constants.INISECT_INS)):
    _Fail("Export info file doesn't have the required fields")

  return config.Dumps()


def ImportOSIntoInstance(instance, src_node, src_images, cluster_name, debug):
  """Import an os image into an instance.

  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: instance to import the disks into
  @type src_node: string
  @param src_node: source node for the disk images
  @type src_images: list of string
  @param src_images: absolute paths of the disk images
  @type debug: integer
  @param debug: debug level, passed to the OS scripts
  @rtype: list of boolean
  @return: each boolean represent the success of importing the n-th disk

  """
  inst_os = OSFromDisk(instance.os)
  import_env = OSEnvironment(instance, inst_os, debug)
  import_script = inst_os.import_script

  logfile = _InstanceLogName("import", instance.os, instance.name)
  if not os.path.exists(constants.LOG_OS_DIR):
    os.mkdir(constants.LOG_OS_DIR, 0750)

  comprcmd = "gunzip"
  impcmd = utils.BuildShellCmd("(cd %s; %s >%s 2>&1)", inst_os.path,
                               import_script, logfile)

  final_result = []
  for idx, image in enumerate(src_images):
    if image:
      destcmd = utils.BuildShellCmd('cat %s', image)
      remotecmd = _GetSshRunner(cluster_name).BuildCmd(src_node,
                                                       constants.GANETI_RUNAS,
                                                       destcmd)
      command = '|'.join([utils.ShellQuoteArgs(remotecmd), comprcmd, impcmd])
      import_env['IMPORT_DEVICE'] = import_env['DISK_%d_PATH' % idx]
      import_env['IMPORT_INDEX'] = str(idx)
      result = utils.RunCmd(command, env=import_env)
      if result.failed:
        logging.error("Disk import command '%s' returned error: %s"
                      " output: %s", command, result.fail_reason,
                      result.output)
        final_result.append("error importing disk %d: %s, %s" %
                            (idx, result.fail_reason, result.output[-100]))

  if final_result:
    _Fail("; ".join(final_result), log=False)


def ListExports():
  """Return a list of exports currently available on this machine.

  @rtype: list
  @return: list of the exports

  """
  if os.path.isdir(constants.EXPORT_DIR):
    return utils.ListVisibleFiles(constants.EXPORT_DIR)
  else:
    _Fail("No exports directory")


def RemoveExport(export):
  """Remove an existing export from the node.

  @type export: str
  @param export: the name of the export to remove
  @rtype: None

  """
  target = utils.PathJoin(constants.EXPORT_DIR, export)

  try:
    shutil.rmtree(target)
  except EnvironmentError, err:
    _Fail("Error while removing the export: %s", err, exc=True)


def BlockdevRename(devlist):
  """Rename a list of block devices.

  @type devlist: list of tuples
  @param devlist: list of tuples of the form  (disk,
      new_logical_id, new_physical_id); disk is an
      L{objects.Disk} object describing the current disk,
      and new logical_id/physical_id is the name we
      rename it to
  @rtype: boolean
  @return: True if all renames succeeded, False otherwise

  """
  msgs = []
  result = True
  for disk, unique_id in devlist:
    dev = _RecursiveFindBD(disk)
    if dev is None:
      msgs.append("Can't find device %s in rename" % str(disk))
      result = False
      continue
    try:
      old_rpath = dev.dev_path
      dev.Rename(unique_id)
      new_rpath = dev.dev_path
      if old_rpath != new_rpath:
        DevCacheManager.RemoveCache(old_rpath)
        # FIXME: we should add the new cache information here, like:
        # DevCacheManager.UpdateCache(new_rpath, owner, ...)
        # but we don't have the owner here - maybe parse from existing
        # cache? for now, we only lose lvm data when we rename, which
        # is less critical than DRBD or MD
    except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
      msgs.append("Can't rename device '%s' to '%s': %s" %
                  (dev, unique_id, err))
      logging.exception("Can't rename device '%s' to '%s'", dev, unique_id)
      result = False
  if not result:
    _Fail("; ".join(msgs))


def _TransformFileStorageDir(file_storage_dir):
  """Checks whether given file_storage_dir is valid.

  Checks wheter the given file_storage_dir is within the cluster-wide
  default file_storage_dir stored in SimpleStore. Only paths under that
  directory are allowed.

  @type file_storage_dir: str
  @param file_storage_dir: the path to check

  @return: the normalized path if valid, None otherwise

  """
  if not constants.ENABLE_FILE_STORAGE:
    _Fail("File storage disabled at configure time")
  cfg = _GetConfig()
  file_storage_dir = os.path.normpath(file_storage_dir)
  base_file_storage_dir = cfg.GetFileStorageDir()
  if (os.path.commonprefix([file_storage_dir, base_file_storage_dir]) !=
      base_file_storage_dir):
    _Fail("File storage directory '%s' is not under base file"
          " storage directory '%s'", file_storage_dir, base_file_storage_dir)
  return file_storage_dir


def CreateFileStorageDir(file_storage_dir):
  """Create file storage directory.

  @type file_storage_dir: str
  @param file_storage_dir: directory to create

  @rtype: tuple
  @return: tuple with first element a boolean indicating wheter dir
      creation was successful or not

  """
  file_storage_dir = _TransformFileStorageDir(file_storage_dir)
  if os.path.exists(file_storage_dir):
    if not os.path.isdir(file_storage_dir):
      _Fail("Specified storage dir '%s' is not a directory",
            file_storage_dir)
  else:
    try:
      os.makedirs(file_storage_dir, 0750)
    except OSError, err:
      _Fail("Cannot create file storage directory '%s': %s",
            file_storage_dir, err, exc=True)


def RemoveFileStorageDir(file_storage_dir):
  """Remove file storage directory.

  Remove it only if it's empty. If not log an error and return.

  @type file_storage_dir: str
  @param file_storage_dir: the directory we should cleanup
  @rtype: tuple (success,)
  @return: tuple of one element, C{success}, denoting
      whether the operation was successful

  """
  file_storage_dir = _TransformFileStorageDir(file_storage_dir)
  if os.path.exists(file_storage_dir):
    if not os.path.isdir(file_storage_dir):
      _Fail("Specified Storage directory '%s' is not a directory",
            file_storage_dir)
    # deletes dir only if empty, otherwise we want to fail the rpc call
    try:
      os.rmdir(file_storage_dir)
    except OSError, err:
      _Fail("Cannot remove file storage directory '%s': %s",
            file_storage_dir, err)


def RenameFileStorageDir(old_file_storage_dir, new_file_storage_dir):
  """Rename the file storage directory.

  @type old_file_storage_dir: str
  @param old_file_storage_dir: the current path
  @type new_file_storage_dir: str
  @param new_file_storage_dir: the name we should rename to
  @rtype: tuple (success,)
  @return: tuple of one element, C{success}, denoting
      whether the operation was successful

  """
  old_file_storage_dir = _TransformFileStorageDir(old_file_storage_dir)
  new_file_storage_dir = _TransformFileStorageDir(new_file_storage_dir)
  if not os.path.exists(new_file_storage_dir):
    if os.path.isdir(old_file_storage_dir):
      try:
        os.rename(old_file_storage_dir, new_file_storage_dir)
      except OSError, err:
        _Fail("Cannot rename '%s' to '%s': %s",
              old_file_storage_dir, new_file_storage_dir, err)
    else:
      _Fail("Specified storage dir '%s' is not a directory",
            old_file_storage_dir)
  else:
    if os.path.exists(old_file_storage_dir):
      _Fail("Cannot rename '%s' to '%s': both locations exist",
            old_file_storage_dir, new_file_storage_dir)


def _EnsureJobQueueFile(file_name):
  """Checks whether the given filename is in the queue directory.

  @type file_name: str
  @param file_name: the file name we should check
  @rtype: None
  @raises RPCFail: if the file is not valid

  """
  queue_dir = os.path.normpath(constants.QUEUE_DIR)
  result = (os.path.commonprefix([queue_dir, file_name]) == queue_dir)

  if not result:
    _Fail("Passed job queue file '%s' does not belong to"
          " the queue directory '%s'", file_name, queue_dir)


def JobQueueUpdate(file_name, content):
  """Updates a file in the queue directory.

  This is just a wrapper over L{utils.WriteFile}, with proper
  checking.

  @type file_name: str
  @param file_name: the job file name
  @type content: str
  @param content: the new job contents
  @rtype: boolean
  @return: the success of the operation

  """
  _EnsureJobQueueFile(file_name)

  # Write and replace the file atomically
  utils.WriteFile(file_name, data=_Decompress(content))


def JobQueueRename(old, new):
  """Renames a job queue file.

  This is just a wrapper over os.rename with proper checking.

  @type old: str
  @param old: the old (actual) file name
  @type new: str
  @param new: the desired file name
  @rtype: tuple
  @return: the success of the operation and payload

  """
  _EnsureJobQueueFile(old)
  _EnsureJobQueueFile(new)

  utils.RenameFile(old, new, mkdir=True)


def JobQueueSetDrainFlag(drain_flag):
  """Set the drain flag for the queue.

  This will set or unset the queue drain flag.

  @type drain_flag: boolean
  @param drain_flag: if True, will set the drain flag, otherwise reset it.
  @rtype: truple
  @return: always True, None
  @warning: the function always returns True

  """
  if drain_flag:
    utils.WriteFile(constants.JOB_QUEUE_DRAIN_FILE, data="", close=True)
  else:
    utils.RemoveFile(constants.JOB_QUEUE_DRAIN_FILE)


def BlockdevClose(instance_name, disks):
  """Closes the given block devices.

  This means they will be switched to secondary mode (in case of
  DRBD).

  @param instance_name: if the argument is not empty, the symlinks
      of this instance will be removed
  @type disks: list of L{objects.Disk}
  @param disks: the list of disks to be closed
  @rtype: tuple (success, message)
  @return: a tuple of success and message, where success
      indicates the succes of the operation, and message
      which will contain the error details in case we
      failed

  """
  bdevs = []
  for cf in disks:
    rd = _RecursiveFindBD(cf)
    if rd is None:
      _Fail("Can't find device %s", cf)
    bdevs.append(rd)

  msg = []
  for rd in bdevs:
    try:
      rd.Close()
    except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
      msg.append(str(err))
  if msg:
    _Fail("Can't make devices secondary: %s", ",".join(msg))
  else:
    if instance_name:
      _RemoveBlockDevLinks(instance_name, disks)


def ValidateHVParams(hvname, hvparams):
  """Validates the given hypervisor parameters.

  @type hvname: string
  @param hvname: the hypervisor name
  @type hvparams: dict
  @param hvparams: the hypervisor parameters to be validated
  @rtype: None

  """
  try:
    hv_type = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(hvname)
    hv_type.ValidateParameters(hvparams)
  except errors.HypervisorError, err:
    _Fail(str(err), log=False)


def DemoteFromMC():
  """Demotes the current node from master candidate role.

  """
  # try to ensure we're not the master by mistake
  master, myself = ssconf.GetMasterAndMyself()
  if master == myself:
    _Fail("ssconf status shows I'm the master node, will not demote")

  result = utils.RunCmd([constants.DAEMON_UTIL, "check", constants.MASTERD])
  if not result.failed:
    _Fail("The master daemon is running, will not demote")

  try:
    if os.path.isfile(constants.CLUSTER_CONF_FILE):
      utils.CreateBackup(constants.CLUSTER_CONF_FILE)
  except EnvironmentError, err:
    if err.errno != errno.ENOENT:
      _Fail("Error while backing up cluster file: %s", err, exc=True)

  utils.RemoveFile(constants.CLUSTER_CONF_FILE)


def _GetX509Filenames(cryptodir, name):
  """Returns the full paths for the private key and certificate.

  """
  return (utils.PathJoin(cryptodir, name),
          utils.PathJoin(cryptodir, name, _X509_KEY_FILE),
          utils.PathJoin(cryptodir, name, _X509_CERT_FILE))


def CreateX509Certificate(validity, cryptodir=constants.CRYPTO_KEYS_DIR):
  """Creates a new X509 certificate for SSL/TLS.

  @type validity: int
  @param validity: Validity in seconds
  @rtype: tuple; (string, string)
  @return: Certificate name and public part

  """
  (key_pem, cert_pem) = \
    utils.GenerateSelfSignedX509Cert(utils.HostInfo.SysName(),
                                     min(validity, _MAX_SSL_CERT_VALIDITY))

  cert_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=cryptodir,
                              prefix="x509-%s-" % utils.TimestampForFilename())
  try:
    name = os.path.basename(cert_dir)
    assert len(name) > 5

    (_, key_file, cert_file) = _GetX509Filenames(cryptodir, name)

    utils.WriteFile(key_file, mode=0400, data=key_pem)
    utils.WriteFile(cert_file, mode=0400, data=cert_pem)

    # Never return private key as it shouldn't leave the node
    return (name, cert_pem)
  except Exception:
    shutil.rmtree(cert_dir, ignore_errors=True)
    raise


def RemoveX509Certificate(name, cryptodir=constants.CRYPTO_KEYS_DIR):
  """Removes a X509 certificate.

  @type name: string
  @param name: Certificate name

  """
  (cert_dir, key_file, cert_file) = _GetX509Filenames(cryptodir, name)

  utils.RemoveFile(key_file)
  utils.RemoveFile(cert_file)

  try:
    os.rmdir(cert_dir)
  except EnvironmentError, err:
    _Fail("Cannot remove certificate directory '%s': %s",
          cert_dir, err)


def _GetImportExportIoCommand(instance, mode, ieio, ieargs):
  """Returns the command for the requested input/output.

  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: The instance object
  @param mode: Import/export mode
  @param ieio: Input/output type
  @param ieargs: Input/output arguments

  """
  assert mode in (constants.IEM_IMPORT, constants.IEM_EXPORT)

  env = None
  prefix = None
  suffix = None

  if ieio == constants.IEIO_FILE:
    (filename, ) = ieargs

    if not utils.IsNormAbsPath(filename):
      _Fail("Path '%s' is not normalized or absolute", filename)

    directory = os.path.normpath(os.path.dirname(filename))

    if (os.path.commonprefix([constants.EXPORT_DIR, directory]) !=
        constants.EXPORT_DIR):
      _Fail("File '%s' is not under exports directory '%s'",
            filename, constants.EXPORT_DIR)

    # Create directory
    utils.Makedirs(directory, mode=0750)

    quoted_filename = utils.ShellQuote(filename)

    if mode == constants.IEM_IMPORT:
      suffix = "> %s" % quoted_filename
    elif mode == constants.IEM_EXPORT:
      suffix = "< %s" % quoted_filename

  elif ieio == constants.IEIO_RAW_DISK:
    (disk, ) = ieargs

    real_disk = _OpenRealBD(disk)

    if mode == constants.IEM_IMPORT:
      # we set here a smaller block size as, due to transport buffering, more
      # than 64-128k will mostly ignored; we use nocreat to fail if the device
      # is not already there or we pass a wrong path; we use notrunc to no
      # attempt truncate on an LV device; we use oflag=dsync to not buffer too
      # much memory; this means that at best, we flush every 64k, which will
      # not be very fast
      suffix = utils.BuildShellCmd(("| dd of=%s conv=nocreat,notrunc"
                                    " bs=%s oflag=dsync"),
                                    real_disk.dev_path,
                                    str(64 * 1024))

    elif mode == constants.IEM_EXPORT:
      # the block size on the read dd is 1MiB to match our units
      prefix = utils.BuildShellCmd("dd if=%s bs=%s count=%s |",
                                   real_disk.dev_path,
                                   str(1024 * 1024), # 1 MB
                                   str(disk.size))

  elif ieio == constants.IEIO_SCRIPT:
    (disk, disk_index, ) = ieargs

    assert isinstance(disk_index, (int, long))

    real_disk = _OpenRealBD(disk)

    inst_os = OSFromDisk(instance.os)
    env = OSEnvironment(instance, inst_os)

    if mode == constants.IEM_IMPORT:
      env["IMPORT_DEVICE"] = env["DISK_%d_PATH" % disk_index]
      env["IMPORT_INDEX"] = str(disk_index)
      script = inst_os.import_script

    elif mode == constants.IEM_EXPORT:
      env["EXPORT_DEVICE"] = real_disk.dev_path
      env["EXPORT_INDEX"] = str(disk_index)
      script = inst_os.export_script

    # TODO: Pass special environment only to script
    script_cmd = utils.BuildShellCmd("( cd %s && %s; )", inst_os.path, script)

    if mode == constants.IEM_IMPORT:
      suffix = "| %s" % script_cmd

    elif mode == constants.IEM_EXPORT:
      prefix = "%s |" % script_cmd

  else:
    _Fail("Invalid %s I/O mode %r", mode, ieio)

  return (env, prefix, suffix)


def _CreateImportExportStatusDir(prefix):
  """Creates status directory for import/export.

  """
  return tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=constants.IMPORT_EXPORT_DIR,
                          prefix=("%s-%s-" %
                                  (prefix, utils.TimestampForFilename())))


def StartImportExportDaemon(mode, key_name, ca, host, port, instance,
                            ieio, ieioargs):
  """Starts an import or export daemon.

  @param mode: Import/output mode
  @type key_name: string
  @param key_name: RSA key name (None to use cluster certificate)
  @type ca: string:
  @param ca: Remote CA in PEM format (None to use cluster certificate)
  @type host: string
  @param host: Remote host for export (None for import)
  @type port: int
  @param port: Remote port for export (None for import)
  @type instance: L{objects.Instance}
  @param instance: Instance object
  @param ieio: Input/output type
  @param ieioargs: Input/output arguments

  """
  if mode == constants.IEM_IMPORT:
    prefix = "import"

    if not (host is None and port is None):
      _Fail("Can not specify host or port on import")

  elif mode == constants.IEM_EXPORT:
    prefix = "export"

    if host is None or port is None:
      _Fail("Host and port must be specified for an export")

  else:
    _Fail("Invalid mode %r", mode)

  if (key_name is None) ^ (ca is None):
    _Fail("Cluster certificate can only be used for both key and CA")

  (cmd_env, cmd_prefix, cmd_suffix) = \
    _GetImportExportIoCommand(instance, mode, ieio, ieioargs)

  if key_name is None:
    # Use server.pem
    key_path = constants.NODED_CERT_FILE
    cert_path = constants.NODED_CERT_FILE
    assert ca is None
  else:
    (_, key_path, cert_path) = _GetX509Filenames(constants.CRYPTO_KEYS_DIR,
                                                 key_name)
    assert ca is not None

  status_dir = _CreateImportExportStatusDir(prefix)
  try:
    status_file = utils.PathJoin(status_dir, _IES_STATUS_FILE)
    pid_file = utils.PathJoin(status_dir, _IES_PID_FILE)

    if ca is None:
      # Use server.pem
      # TODO: If socat runs as a non-root user, this might need to be copied to
      # a separate file
      ca_path = constants.NODED_CERT_FILE
    else:
      ca_path = utils.PathJoin(status_dir, _IES_CA_FILE)
      utils.WriteFile(ca_path, data=ca, mode=0400)

    cmd = [
      constants.IMPORT_EXPORT_DAEMON,
      status_file, mode,
      "--key=%s" % key_path,
      "--cert=%s" % cert_path,
      "--ca=%s" % ca_path,
      ]

    if host:
      cmd.append("--host=%s" % host)

    if port:
      cmd.append("--port=%s" % port)

    if cmd_prefix:
      cmd.append("--cmd-prefix=%s" % cmd_prefix)

    if cmd_suffix:
      cmd.append("--cmd-suffix=%s" % cmd_suffix)

    logfile = _InstanceLogName(prefix, instance.os, instance.name)

    # TODO: Once _InstanceLogName uses tempfile.mkstemp, StartDaemon has
    # support for receiving a file descriptor for output
    utils.StartDaemon(cmd, env=cmd_env, pidfile=pid_file,
                      output=logfile)

    # The import/export name is simply the status directory name
    return os.path.basename(status_dir)

  except Exception:
    shutil.rmtree(status_dir, ignore_errors=True)
    raise


def GetImportExportStatus(names):
  """Returns import/export daemon status.

  @type names: sequence
  @param names: List of names
  @rtype: List of dicts
  @return: Returns a list of the state of each named import/export or None if a
           status couldn't be read

  """
  result = []

  for name in names:
    status_file = utils.PathJoin(constants.IMPORT_EXPORT_DIR, name,
                                 _IES_STATUS_FILE)

    try:
      data = utils.ReadFile(status_file)
    except EnvironmentError, err:
      if err.errno != errno.ENOENT:
        raise
      data = None

    if not data:
      result.append(None)
      continue

    result.append(serializer.LoadJson(data))

  return result


def CleanupImportExport(name):
  """Cleanup after an import or export.

  If the import/export daemon is still running it's killed. Afterwards the
  whole status directory is removed.

  """
  logging.info("Finalizing import/export %s", name)

  status_dir = utils.PathJoin(constants.IMPORT_EXPORT_DIR, name)

  pid = utils.ReadLockedPidFile(utils.PathJoin(status_dir, _IES_PID_FILE))

  if pid:
    logging.info("Import/export %s is still running with PID %s",
                 name, pid)
    utils.KillProcess(pid, waitpid=False)

  shutil.rmtree(status_dir, ignore_errors=True)


def _FindDisks(nodes_ip, disks):
  """Sets the physical ID on disks and returns the block devices.

  """
  # set the correct physical ID
  my_name = utils.HostInfo().name
  for cf in disks:
    cf.SetPhysicalID(my_name, nodes_ip)

  bdevs = []

  for cf in disks:
    rd = _RecursiveFindBD(cf)
    if rd is None:
      _Fail("Can't find device %s", cf)
    bdevs.append(rd)
  return bdevs


def DrbdDisconnectNet(nodes_ip, disks):
  """Disconnects the network on a list of drbd devices.

  """
  bdevs = _FindDisks(nodes_ip, disks)

  # disconnect disks
  for rd in bdevs:
    try:
      rd.DisconnectNet()
    except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
      _Fail("Can't change network configuration to standalone mode: %s",
            err, exc=True)


def DrbdAttachNet(nodes_ip, disks, instance_name, multimaster):
  """Attaches the network on a list of drbd devices.

  """
  bdevs = _FindDisks(nodes_ip, disks)

  if multimaster:
    for idx, rd in enumerate(bdevs):
      try:
        _SymlinkBlockDev(instance_name, rd.dev_path, idx)
      except EnvironmentError, err:
        _Fail("Can't create symlink: %s", err)
  # reconnect disks, switch to new master configuration and if
  # needed primary mode
  for rd in bdevs:
    try:
      rd.AttachNet(multimaster)
    except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
      _Fail("Can't change network configuration: %s", err)

  # wait until the disks are connected; we need to retry the re-attach
  # if the device becomes standalone, as this might happen if the one
  # node disconnects and reconnects in a different mode before the
  # other node reconnects; in this case, one or both of the nodes will
  # decide it has wrong configuration and switch to standalone

  def _Attach():
    all_connected = True

    for rd in bdevs:
      stats = rd.GetProcStatus()

      all_connected = (all_connected and
                       (stats.is_connected or stats.is_in_resync))

      if stats.is_standalone:
        # peer had different config info and this node became
        # standalone, even though this should not happen with the
        # new staged way of changing disk configs
        try:
          rd.AttachNet(multimaster)
        except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
          _Fail("Can't change network configuration: %s", err)

    if not all_connected:
      raise utils.RetryAgain()

  try:
    # Start with a delay of 100 miliseconds and go up to 5 seconds
    utils.Retry(_Attach, (0.1, 1.5, 5.0), 2 * 60)
  except utils.RetryTimeout:
    _Fail("Timeout in disk reconnecting")

  if multimaster:
    # change to primary mode
    for rd in bdevs:
      try:
        rd.Open()
      except errors.BlockDeviceError, err:
        _Fail("Can't change to primary mode: %s", err)


def DrbdWaitSync(nodes_ip, disks):
  """Wait until DRBDs have synchronized.

  """
  def _helper(rd):
    stats = rd.GetProcStatus()
    if not (stats.is_connected or stats.is_in_resync):
      raise utils.RetryAgain()
    return stats

  bdevs = _FindDisks(nodes_ip, disks)

  min_resync = 100
  alldone = True
  for rd in bdevs:
    try:
      # poll each second for 15 seconds
      stats = utils.Retry(_helper, 1, 15, args=[rd])
    except utils.RetryTimeout:
      stats = rd.GetProcStatus()
      # last check
      if not (stats.is_connected or stats.is_in_resync):
        _Fail("DRBD device %s is not in sync: stats=%s", rd, stats)
    alldone = alldone and (not stats.is_in_resync)
    if stats.sync_percent is not None:
      min_resync = min(min_resync, stats.sync_percent)

  return (alldone, min_resync)


def PowercycleNode(hypervisor_type):
  """Hard-powercycle the node.

  Because we need to return first, and schedule the powercycle in the
  background, we won't be able to report failures nicely.

  """
  hyper = hypervisor.GetHypervisor(hypervisor_type)
  try:
    pid = os.fork()
  except OSError:
    # if we can't fork, we'll pretend that we're in the child process
    pid = 0
  if pid > 0:
    return "Reboot scheduled in 5 seconds"
  time.sleep(5)
  hyper.PowercycleNode()


class HooksRunner(object):
  """Hook runner.

  This class is instantiated on the node side (ganeti-noded) and not
  on the master side.

  """
  def __init__(self, hooks_base_dir=None):
    """Constructor for hooks runner.

    @type hooks_base_dir: str or None
    @param hooks_base_dir: if not None, this overrides the
        L{constants.HOOKS_BASE_DIR} (useful for unittests)

    """
    if hooks_base_dir is None:
      hooks_base_dir = constants.HOOKS_BASE_DIR
    # yeah, _BASE_DIR is not valid for attributes, we use it like a
    # constant
    self._BASE_DIR = hooks_base_dir # pylint: disable-msg=C0103

  def RunHooks(self, hpath, phase, env):
    """Run the scripts in the hooks directory.

    @type hpath: str
    @param hpath: the path to the hooks directory which
        holds the scripts
    @type phase: str
    @param phase: either L{constants.HOOKS_PHASE_PRE} or
        L{constants.HOOKS_PHASE_POST}
    @type env: dict
    @param env: dictionary with the environment for the hook
    @rtype: list
    @return: list of 3-element tuples:
      - script path
      - script result, either L{constants.HKR_SUCCESS} or
        L{constants.HKR_FAIL}
      - output of the script

    @raise errors.ProgrammerError: for invalid input
        parameters

    """
    if phase == constants.HOOKS_PHASE_PRE:
      suffix = "pre"
    elif phase == constants.HOOKS_PHASE_POST:
      suffix = "post"
    else:
      _Fail("Unknown hooks phase '%s'", phase)


    subdir = "%s-%s.d" % (hpath, suffix)
    dir_name = utils.PathJoin(self._BASE_DIR, subdir)

    results = []

    if not os.path.isdir(dir_name):
      # for non-existing/non-dirs, we simply exit instead of logging a
      # warning at every operation
      return results

    runparts_results = utils.RunParts(dir_name, env=env, reset_env=True)

    for (relname, relstatus, runresult)  in runparts_results:
      if relstatus == constants.RUNPARTS_SKIP:
        rrval = constants.HKR_SKIP
        output = ""
      elif relstatus == constants.RUNPARTS_ERR:
        rrval = constants.HKR_FAIL
        output = "Hook script execution error: %s" % runresult
      elif relstatus == constants.RUNPARTS_RUN:
        if runresult.failed:
          rrval = constants.HKR_FAIL
        else:
          rrval = constants.HKR_SUCCESS
        output = utils.SafeEncode(runresult.output.strip())
      results.append(("%s/%s" % (subdir, relname), rrval, output))

    return results


class IAllocatorRunner(object):
  """IAllocator runner.

  This class is instantiated on the node side (ganeti-noded) and not on
  the master side.

  """
  @staticmethod
  def Run(name, idata):
    """Run an iallocator script.

    @type name: str
    @param name: the iallocator script name
    @type idata: str
    @param idata: the allocator input data

    @rtype: tuple
    @return: two element tuple of:
       - status
       - either error message or stdout of allocator (for success)

    """
    alloc_script = utils.FindFile(name, constants.IALLOCATOR_SEARCH_PATH,
                                  os.path.isfile)
    if alloc_script is None:
      _Fail("iallocator module '%s' not found in the search path", name)

    fd, fin_name = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix="ganeti-iallocator.")
    try:
      os.write(fd, idata)
      os.close(fd)
      result = utils.RunCmd([alloc_script, fin_name])
      if result.failed:
        _Fail("iallocator module '%s' failed: %s, output '%s'",
              name, result.fail_reason, result.output)
    finally:
      os.unlink(fin_name)

    return result.stdout


class DevCacheManager(object):
  """Simple class for managing a cache of block device information.

  """
  _DEV_PREFIX = "/dev/"
  _ROOT_DIR = constants.BDEV_CACHE_DIR

  @classmethod
  def _ConvertPath(cls, dev_path):
    """Converts a /dev/name path to the cache file name.

    This replaces slashes with underscores and strips the /dev
    prefix. It then returns the full path to the cache file.

    @type dev_path: str
    @param dev_path: the C{/dev/} path name
    @rtype: str
    @return: the converted path name

    """
    if dev_path.startswith(cls._DEV_PREFIX):
      dev_path = dev_path[len(cls._DEV_PREFIX):]
    dev_path = dev_path.replace("/", "_")
    fpath = utils.PathJoin(cls._ROOT_DIR, "bdev_%s" % dev_path)
    return fpath

  @classmethod
  def UpdateCache(cls, dev_path, owner, on_primary, iv_name):
    """Updates the cache information for a given device.

    @type dev_path: str
    @param dev_path: the pathname of the device
    @type owner: str
    @param owner: the owner (instance name) of the device
    @type on_primary: bool
    @param on_primary: whether this is the primary
        node nor not
    @type iv_name: str
    @param iv_name: the instance-visible name of the
        device, as in objects.Disk.iv_name

    @rtype: None

    """
    if dev_path is None:
      logging.error("DevCacheManager.UpdateCache got a None dev_path")
      return
    fpath = cls._ConvertPath(dev_path)
    if on_primary:
      state = "primary"
    else:
      state = "secondary"
    if iv_name is None:
      iv_name = "not_visible"
    fdata = "%s %s %s\n" % (str(owner), state, iv_name)
    try:
      utils.WriteFile(fpath, data=fdata)
    except EnvironmentError, err:
      logging.exception("Can't update bdev cache for %s: %s", dev_path, err)

  @classmethod
  def RemoveCache(cls, dev_path):
    """Remove data for a dev_path.

    This is just a wrapper over L{utils.RemoveFile} with a converted
    path name and logging.

    @type dev_path: str
    @param dev_path: the pathname of the device

    @rtype: None

    """
    if dev_path is None:
      logging.error("DevCacheManager.RemoveCache got a None dev_path")
      return
    fpath = cls._ConvertPath(dev_path)
    try:
      utils.RemoveFile(fpath)
    except EnvironmentError, err:
      logging.exception("Can't update bdev cache for %s: %s", dev_path, err)