Archipelago » qemu

/*

 * Physical memory management

 *

 * Copyright 2011 Red Hat, Inc. and/or its affiliates

 *

 * Authors:

 *  Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com>

 *

 * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2.  See

 * the COPYING file in the top-level directory.

 *

 */

#include "memory.h"

#include "exec-memory.h"

#include "ioport.h"

#include "bitops.h"

#include "kvm.h"

#include <assert.h>

unsigned memory_region_transaction_depth = 0;

typedef struct AddrRange AddrRange;

/*

 * Note using signed integers limits us to physical addresses at most

 * 63 bits wide.  They are needed for negative offsetting in aliases

 * (large MemoryRegion::alias_offset).

 */

struct AddrRange {

    int64_t start;

    int64_t size;

};

static AddrRange addrrange_make(int64_t start, int64_t size)

{

    return (AddrRange) { start, size };

}

static bool addrrange_equal(AddrRange r1, AddrRange r2)

{

    return r1.start == r2.start && r1.size == r2.size;

}

static int64_t addrrange_end(AddrRange r)

{

    return r.start + r.size;

}

static AddrRange addrrange_shift(AddrRange range, int64_t delta)

{

    range.start += delta;

    return range;

}

static bool addrrange_intersects(AddrRange r1, AddrRange r2)

{

    return (r1.start >= r2.start && r1.start < r2.start + r2.size)

        || (r2.start >= r1.start && r2.start < r1.start + r1.size);

}

static AddrRange addrrange_intersection(AddrRange r1, AddrRange r2)

{

    int64_t start = MAX(r1.start, r2.start);

    /* off-by-one arithmetic to prevent overflow */

    int64_t end = MIN(addrrange_end(r1) - 1, addrrange_end(r2) - 1);

    return addrrange_make(start, end - start + 1);

}

struct CoalescedMemoryRange {

    AddrRange addr;

    QTAILQ_ENTRY(CoalescedMemoryRange) link;

};

struct MemoryRegionIoeventfd {

    AddrRange addr;

    bool match_data;

    uint64_t data;

    int fd;

};

static bool memory_region_ioeventfd_before(MemoryRegionIoeventfd a,

                                           MemoryRegionIoeventfd b)

{

    if (a.addr.start < b.addr.start) {

        return true;

    } else if (a.addr.start > b.addr.start) {

        return false;

    } else if (a.addr.size < b.addr.size) {

        return true;

    } else if (a.addr.size > b.addr.size) {

        return false;

    } else if (a.match_data < b.match_data) {

        return true;

    } else  if (a.match_data > b.match_data) {

        return false;

    } else if (a.match_data) {

        if (a.data < b.data) {

            return true;

        } else if (a.data > b.data) {

            return false;

        }

    }

    if (a.fd < b.fd) {

        return true;

    } else if (a.fd > b.fd) {

        return false;

    }

    return false;

}

static bool memory_region_ioeventfd_equal(MemoryRegionIoeventfd a,

                                          MemoryRegionIoeventfd b)

{

    return !memory_region_ioeventfd_before(a, b)

        && !memory_region_ioeventfd_before(b, a);

}

typedef struct FlatRange FlatRange;

typedef struct FlatView FlatView;

/* Range of memory in the global map.  Addresses are absolute. */

struct FlatRange {

    MemoryRegion *mr;

    target_phys_addr_t offset_in_region;

    AddrRange addr;

    uint8_t dirty_log_mask;

};

/* Flattened global view of current active memory hierarchy.  Kept in sorted

 * order.

 */

struct FlatView {

    FlatRange *ranges;

    unsigned nr;

    unsigned nr_allocated;

};

typedef struct AddressSpace AddressSpace;

typedef struct AddressSpaceOps AddressSpaceOps;

/* A system address space - I/O, memory, etc. */

struct AddressSpace {

    const AddressSpaceOps *ops;

    MemoryRegion *root;

    FlatView current_map;

    int ioeventfd_nb;

    MemoryRegionIoeventfd *ioeventfds;

};

struct AddressSpaceOps {

    void (*range_add)(AddressSpace *as, FlatRange *fr);

    void (*range_del)(AddressSpace *as, FlatRange *fr);

    void (*log_start)(AddressSpace *as, FlatRange *fr);

    void (*log_stop)(AddressSpace *as, FlatRange *fr);

    void (*ioeventfd_add)(AddressSpace *as, MemoryRegionIoeventfd *fd);

    void (*ioeventfd_del)(AddressSpace *as, MemoryRegionIoeventfd *fd);

};

#define FOR_EACH_FLAT_RANGE(var, view)          \

    for (var = (view)->ranges; var < (view)->ranges + (view)->nr; ++var)

static bool flatrange_equal(FlatRange *a, FlatRange *b)

{

    return a->mr == b->mr

        && addrrange_equal(a->addr, b->addr)

        && a->offset_in_region == b->offset_in_region;

}

static void flatview_init(FlatView *view)

{

    view->ranges = NULL;

    view->nr = 0;

    view->nr_allocated = 0;

}

/* Insert a range into a given position.  Caller is responsible for maintaining

 * sorting order.

 */

static void flatview_insert(FlatView *view, unsigned pos, FlatRange *range)

{

    if (view->nr == view->nr_allocated) {

        view->nr_allocated = MAX(2 * view->nr, 10);

        view->ranges = qemu_realloc(view->ranges,

                                    view->nr_allocated * sizeof(*view->ranges));

    }

    memmove(view->ranges + pos + 1, view->ranges + pos,

            (view->nr - pos) * sizeof(FlatRange));

    view->ranges[pos] = *range;

    ++view->nr;

}

static void flatview_destroy(FlatView *view)

{

    qemu_free(view->ranges);

}

static bool can_merge(FlatRange *r1, FlatRange *r2)

{

    return addrrange_end(r1->addr) == r2->addr.start

        && r1->mr == r2->mr

        && r1->offset_in_region + r1->addr.size == r2->offset_in_region

        && r1->dirty_log_mask == r2->dirty_log_mask;

}

/* Attempt to simplify a view by merging ajacent ranges */

static void flatview_simplify(FlatView *view)

{

    unsigned i, j;

    i = 0;

    while (i < view->nr) {

        j = i + 1;

        while (j < view->nr

               && can_merge(&view->ranges[j-1], &view->ranges[j])) {

            view->ranges[i].addr.size += view->ranges[j].addr.size;

            ++j;

        }

        ++i;

        memmove(&view->ranges[i], &view->ranges[j],

                (view->nr - j) * sizeof(view->ranges[j]));

        view->nr -= j - i;

    }

}

static void memory_region_prepare_ram_addr(MemoryRegion *mr);

static void as_memory_range_add(AddressSpace *as, FlatRange *fr)

{

    ram_addr_t phys_offset, region_offset;

    memory_region_prepare_ram_addr(fr->mr);

    phys_offset = fr->mr->ram_addr;

    region_offset = fr->offset_in_region;

    /* cpu_register_physical_memory_log() wants region_offset for

     * mmio, but prefers offseting phys_offset for RAM.  Humour it.

     */

    if ((phys_offset & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK) <= IO_MEM_ROM) {

        phys_offset += region_offset;

        region_offset = 0;

    }

    cpu_register_physical_memory_log(fr->addr.start,

                                     fr->addr.size,

                                     phys_offset,

                                     region_offset,

                                     fr->dirty_log_mask);

}

static void as_memory_range_del(AddressSpace *as, FlatRange *fr)

{

    if (fr->dirty_log_mask) {

        cpu_physical_sync_dirty_bitmap(fr->addr.start,

                                       fr->addr.start + fr->addr.size);

    }

    cpu_register_physical_memory(fr->addr.start, fr->addr.size,

                                 IO_MEM_UNASSIGNED);

}

static void as_memory_log_start(AddressSpace *as, FlatRange *fr)

{

    cpu_physical_log_start(fr->addr.start, fr->addr.size);

}

static void as_memory_log_stop(AddressSpace *as, FlatRange *fr)

{

    cpu_physical_log_stop(fr->addr.start, fr->addr.size);

}

static void as_memory_ioeventfd_add(AddressSpace *as, MemoryRegionIoeventfd *fd)

{

    int r;

    assert(fd->match_data && fd->addr.size == 4);

    r = kvm_set_ioeventfd_mmio_long(fd->fd, fd->addr.start, fd->data, true);

    if (r < 0) {

        abort();

    }

}

static void as_memory_ioeventfd_del(AddressSpace *as, MemoryRegionIoeventfd *fd)

{

    int r;

    r = kvm_set_ioeventfd_mmio_long(fd->fd, fd->addr.start, fd->data, false);

    if (r < 0) {

        abort();

    }

}

static const AddressSpaceOps address_space_ops_memory = {

    .range_add = as_memory_range_add,

    .range_del = as_memory_range_del,

    .log_start = as_memory_log_start,

    .log_stop = as_memory_log_stop,

    .ioeventfd_add = as_memory_ioeventfd_add,

    .ioeventfd_del = as_memory_ioeventfd_del,

};

static AddressSpace address_space_memory = {

    .ops = &address_space_ops_memory,

};

static const MemoryRegionPortio *find_portio(MemoryRegion *mr, uint64_t offset,

                                             unsigned width, bool write)

{

    const MemoryRegionPortio *mrp;

    for (mrp = mr->ops->old_portio; mrp->size; ++mrp) {

        if (offset >= mrp->offset && offset < mrp->offset + mrp->len

            && width == mrp->size

            && (write ? (bool)mrp->write : (bool)mrp->read)) {

            return mrp;

        }

    }

    return NULL;

}

static void memory_region_iorange_read(IORange *iorange,

                                       uint64_t offset,

                                       unsigned width,

                                       uint64_t *data)

{

    MemoryRegion *mr = container_of(iorange, MemoryRegion, iorange);

    if (mr->ops->old_portio) {

        const MemoryRegionPortio *mrp = find_portio(mr, offset, width, false);

        *data = ((uint64_t)1 << (width * 8)) - 1;

        if (mrp) {

            *data = mrp->read(mr->opaque, offset - mrp->offset);

        }

        return;

    }

    *data = mr->ops->read(mr->opaque, offset, width);

}

static void memory_region_iorange_write(IORange *iorange,

                                        uint64_t offset,

                                        unsigned width,

                                        uint64_t data)

{

    MemoryRegion *mr = container_of(iorange, MemoryRegion, iorange);

    if (mr->ops->old_portio) {

        const MemoryRegionPortio *mrp = find_portio(mr, offset, width, true);

        if (mrp) {

            mrp->write(mr->opaque, offset - mrp->offset, data);

        }

        return;

    }

    mr->ops->write(mr->opaque, offset, data, width);

}

static const IORangeOps memory_region_iorange_ops = {

    .read = memory_region_iorange_read,

    .write = memory_region_iorange_write,

};

static void as_io_range_add(AddressSpace *as, FlatRange *fr)

{

    iorange_init(&fr->mr->iorange, &memory_region_iorange_ops,

                 fr->addr.start,fr->addr.size);

    ioport_register(&fr->mr->iorange);

}

static void as_io_range_del(AddressSpace *as, FlatRange *fr)

{

    isa_unassign_ioport(fr->addr.start, fr->addr.size);

}

static void as_io_ioeventfd_add(AddressSpace *as, MemoryRegionIoeventfd *fd)

{

    int r;

    assert(fd->match_data && fd->addr.size == 2);

    r = kvm_set_ioeventfd_pio_word(fd->fd, fd->addr.start, fd->data, true);

    if (r < 0) {

        abort();

    }

}

static void as_io_ioeventfd_del(AddressSpace *as, MemoryRegionIoeventfd *fd)

{

    int r;

    r = kvm_set_ioeventfd_pio_word(fd->fd, fd->addr.start, fd->data, false);

    if (r < 0) {

        abort();

    }

}

static const AddressSpaceOps address_space_ops_io = {

    .range_add = as_io_range_add,

    .range_del = as_io_range_del,

    .ioeventfd_add = as_io_ioeventfd_add,

    .ioeventfd_del = as_io_ioeventfd_del,

};

static AddressSpace address_space_io = {

    .ops = &address_space_ops_io,

};

/* Render a memory region into the global view.  Ranges in @view obscure

 * ranges in @mr.

 */

static void render_memory_region(FlatView *view,

                                 MemoryRegion *mr,

                                 target_phys_addr_t base,

                                 AddrRange clip)

{

    MemoryRegion *subregion;

    unsigned i;

    target_phys_addr_t offset_in_region;

    int64_t remain;

    int64_t now;

    FlatRange fr;

    AddrRange tmp;

    base += mr->addr;

    tmp = addrrange_make(base, mr->size);

    if (!addrrange_intersects(tmp, clip)) {

        return;

    }

    clip = addrrange_intersection(tmp, clip);

    if (mr->alias) {

        base -= mr->alias->addr;

        base -= mr->alias_offset;

        render_memory_region(view, mr->alias, base, clip);

        return;

    }

    /* Render subregions in priority order. */

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(subregion, &mr->subregions, subregions_link) {

        render_memory_region(view, subregion, base, clip);

    }

    if (!mr->terminates) {

        return;

    }

    offset_in_region = clip.start - base;

    base = clip.start;

    remain = clip.size;

    /* Render the region itself into any gaps left by the current view. */

    for (i = 0; i < view->nr && remain; ++i) {

        if (base >= addrrange_end(view->ranges[i].addr)) {

            continue;

        }

        if (base < view->ranges[i].addr.start) {

            now = MIN(remain, view->ranges[i].addr.start - base);

            fr.mr = mr;

            fr.offset_in_region = offset_in_region;

            fr.addr = addrrange_make(base, now);

            fr.dirty_log_mask = mr->dirty_log_mask;

            flatview_insert(view, i, &fr);

            ++i;

            base += now;

            offset_in_region += now;

            remain -= now;

        }

        if (base == view->ranges[i].addr.start) {

            now = MIN(remain, view->ranges[i].addr.size);

            base += now;

            offset_in_region += now;

            remain -= now;

        }

    }

    if (remain) {

        fr.mr = mr;

        fr.offset_in_region = offset_in_region;

        fr.addr = addrrange_make(base, remain);

        fr.dirty_log_mask = mr->dirty_log_mask;

        flatview_insert(view, i, &fr);

    }

}

/* Render a memory topology into a list of disjoint absolute ranges. */

static FlatView generate_memory_topology(MemoryRegion *mr)

{

    FlatView view;

    flatview_init(&view);

    render_memory_region(&view, mr, 0, addrrange_make(0, INT64_MAX));

    flatview_simplify(&view);

    return view;

}

static void address_space_add_del_ioeventfds(AddressSpace *as,

                                             MemoryRegionIoeventfd *fds_new,

                                             unsigned fds_new_nb,

                                             MemoryRegionIoeventfd *fds_old,

                                             unsigned fds_old_nb)

{

    unsigned iold, inew;

    /* Generate a symmetric difference of the old and new fd sets, adding

     * and deleting as necessary.

     */

    iold = inew = 0;

    while (iold < fds_old_nb || inew < fds_new_nb) {

        if (iold < fds_old_nb

            && (inew == fds_new_nb

                || memory_region_ioeventfd_before(fds_old[iold],

                                                  fds_new[inew]))) {

            as->ops->ioeventfd_del(as, &fds_old[iold]);

            ++iold;

        } else if (inew < fds_new_nb

                   && (iold == fds_old_nb

                       || memory_region_ioeventfd_before(fds_new[inew],

                                                         fds_old[iold]))) {

            as->ops->ioeventfd_add(as, &fds_new[inew]);

            ++inew;

        } else {

            ++iold;

            ++inew;

        }

    }

}

static void address_space_update_ioeventfds(AddressSpace *as)

{

    FlatRange *fr;

    unsigned ioeventfd_nb = 0;

    MemoryRegionIoeventfd *ioeventfds = NULL;

    AddrRange tmp;

    unsigned i;

    FOR_EACH_FLAT_RANGE(fr, &as->current_map) {

        for (i = 0; i < fr->mr->ioeventfd_nb; ++i) {

            tmp = addrrange_shift(fr->mr->ioeventfds[i].addr,

                                  fr->addr.start - fr->offset_in_region);

            if (addrrange_intersects(fr->addr, tmp)) {

                ++ioeventfd_nb;

                ioeventfds = qemu_realloc(ioeventfds,

                                          ioeventfd_nb * sizeof(*ioeventfds));

                ioeventfds[ioeventfd_nb-1] = fr->mr->ioeventfds[i];

                ioeventfds[ioeventfd_nb-1].addr = tmp;

            }

        }

    }

    address_space_add_del_ioeventfds(as, ioeventfds, ioeventfd_nb,

                                     as->ioeventfds, as->ioeventfd_nb);

    qemu_free(as->ioeventfds);

    as->ioeventfds = ioeventfds;

    as->ioeventfd_nb = ioeventfd_nb;

}

static void address_space_update_topology_pass(AddressSpace *as,

                                               FlatView old_view,

                                               FlatView new_view,

                                               bool adding)

{

    unsigned iold, inew;

    FlatRange *frold, *frnew;

    /* Generate a symmetric difference of the old and new memory maps.

     * Kill ranges in the old map, and instantiate ranges in the new map.

     */

    iold = inew = 0;

    while (iold < old_view.nr || inew < new_view.nr) {

        if (iold < old_view.nr) {

            frold = &old_view.ranges[iold];

        } else {

            frold = NULL;

        }

        if (inew < new_view.nr) {

            frnew = &new_view.ranges[inew];

        } else {

            frnew = NULL;

        }

        if (frold

            && (!frnew

                || frold->addr.start < frnew->addr.start

                || (frold->addr.start == frnew->addr.start

                    && !flatrange_equal(frold, frnew)))) {

            /* In old, but (not in new, or in new but attributes changed). */

            if (!adding) {

                as->ops->range_del(as, frold);

            }

            ++iold;

        } else if (frold && frnew && flatrange_equal(frold, frnew)) {

            /* In both (logging may have changed) */

            if (adding) {

                if (frold->dirty_log_mask && !frnew->dirty_log_mask) {

                    as->ops->log_stop(as, frnew);

                } else if (frnew->dirty_log_mask && !frold->dirty_log_mask) {

                    as->ops->log_start(as, frnew);

                }

            }

            ++iold;

            ++inew;

        } else {

            /* In new */

            if (adding) {

                as->ops->range_add(as, frnew);

            }

            ++inew;

        }

    }

}

static void address_space_update_topology(AddressSpace *as)

{

    FlatView old_view = as->current_map;

    FlatView new_view = generate_memory_topology(as->root);

    address_space_update_topology_pass(as, old_view, new_view, false);

    address_space_update_topology_pass(as, old_view, new_view, true);

    as->current_map = new_view;

    flatview_destroy(&old_view);

    address_space_update_ioeventfds(as);

}

static void memory_region_update_topology(void)

{

    if (memory_region_transaction_depth) {

        return;

    }

    if (address_space_memory.root) {

        address_space_update_topology(&address_space_memory);

    }

    if (address_space_io.root) {

        address_space_update_topology(&address_space_io);

    }

}

void memory_region_transaction_begin(void)

{

    ++memory_region_transaction_depth;

}

void memory_region_transaction_commit(void)

{

    assert(memory_region_transaction_depth);

    --memory_region_transaction_depth;

    memory_region_update_topology();

}

static void memory_region_destructor_none(MemoryRegion *mr)

{

}

static void memory_region_destructor_ram(MemoryRegion *mr)

{

    qemu_ram_free(mr->ram_addr);

}

static void memory_region_destructor_ram_from_ptr(MemoryRegion *mr)

{

    qemu_ram_free_from_ptr(mr->ram_addr);

}

static void memory_region_destructor_iomem(MemoryRegion *mr)

{

    cpu_unregister_io_memory(mr->ram_addr);

}

void memory_region_init(MemoryRegion *mr,

                        const char *name,

                        uint64_t size)

{

    mr->ops = NULL;

    mr->parent = NULL;

    mr->size = size;

    mr->addr = 0;

    mr->offset = 0;

    mr->terminates = false;

    mr->destructor = memory_region_destructor_none;

    mr->priority = 0;

    mr->may_overlap = false;

    mr->alias = NULL;

    QTAILQ_INIT(&mr->subregions);

    memset(&mr->subregions_link, 0, sizeof mr->subregions_link);

    QTAILQ_INIT(&mr->coalesced);

    mr->name = qemu_strdup(name);

    mr->dirty_log_mask = 0;

    mr->ioeventfd_nb = 0;

    mr->ioeventfds = NULL;

}

static bool memory_region_access_valid(MemoryRegion *mr,

                                       target_phys_addr_t addr,

                                       unsigned size)

{

    if (!mr->ops->valid.unaligned && (addr & (size - 1))) {

        return false;

    }

    /* Treat zero as compatibility all valid */

    if (!mr->ops->valid.max_access_size) {

        return true;

    }

    if (size > mr->ops->valid.max_access_size

        || size < mr->ops->valid.min_access_size) {

        return false;

    }

    return true;

}

static uint32_t memory_region_read_thunk_n(void *_mr,

                                           target_phys_addr_t addr,

                                           unsigned size)

{

    MemoryRegion *mr = _mr;

    unsigned access_size, access_size_min, access_size_max;

    uint64_t access_mask;

    uint32_t data = 0, tmp;

    unsigned i;

    if (!memory_region_access_valid(mr, addr, size)) {

        return -1U; /* FIXME: better signalling */

    }

    if (!mr->ops->read) {

        return mr->ops->old_mmio.read[bitops_ffsl(size)](mr->opaque, addr);

    }

    /* FIXME: support unaligned access */

    access_size_min = mr->ops->impl.min_access_size;

    if (!access_size_min) {

        access_size_min = 1;

    }

    access_size_max = mr->ops->impl.max_access_size;

    if (!access_size_max) {

        access_size_max = 4;

    }

    access_size = MAX(MIN(size, access_size_max), access_size_min);

    access_mask = -1ULL >> (64 - access_size * 8);

    addr += mr->offset;

    for (i = 0; i < size; i += access_size) {

        /* FIXME: big-endian support */

        tmp = mr->ops->read(mr->opaque, addr + i, access_size);

        data |= (tmp & access_mask) << (i * 8);

    }

    return data;

}

static void memory_region_write_thunk_n(void *_mr,

                                        target_phys_addr_t addr,

                                        unsigned size,

                                        uint64_t data)

{

    MemoryRegion *mr = _mr;

    unsigned access_size, access_size_min, access_size_max;

    uint64_t access_mask;

    unsigned i;

    if (!memory_region_access_valid(mr, addr, size)) {

        return; /* FIXME: better signalling */

    }

    if (!mr->ops->write) {

        mr->ops->old_mmio.write[bitops_ffsl(size)](mr->opaque, addr, data);

        return;

    }

    /* FIXME: support unaligned access */

    access_size_min = mr->ops->impl.min_access_size;

    if (!access_size_min) {

        access_size_min = 1;

    }

    access_size_max = mr->ops->impl.max_access_size;

    if (!access_size_max) {

        access_size_max = 4;

    }

    access_size = MAX(MIN(size, access_size_max), access_size_min);

    access_mask = -1ULL >> (64 - access_size * 8);

    addr += mr->offset;

    for (i = 0; i < size; i += access_size) {

        /* FIXME: big-endian support */

        mr->ops->write(mr->opaque, addr + i, (data >> (i * 8)) & access_mask,

                       access_size);

    }

}

static uint32_t memory_region_read_thunk_b(void *mr, target_phys_addr_t addr)

{

    return memory_region_read_thunk_n(mr, addr, 1);

}

static uint32_t memory_region_read_thunk_w(void *mr, target_phys_addr_t addr)

{

    return memory_region_read_thunk_n(mr, addr, 2);

}

static uint32_t memory_region_read_thunk_l(void *mr, target_phys_addr_t addr)

{

    return memory_region_read_thunk_n(mr, addr, 4);

}

static void memory_region_write_thunk_b(void *mr, target_phys_addr_t addr,

                                        uint32_t data)

{

    memory_region_write_thunk_n(mr, addr, 1, data);

}

static void memory_region_write_thunk_w(void *mr, target_phys_addr_t addr,

                                        uint32_t data)

{

    memory_region_write_thunk_n(mr, addr, 2, data);

}

static void memory_region_write_thunk_l(void *mr, target_phys_addr_t addr,

                                        uint32_t data)

{

    memory_region_write_thunk_n(mr, addr, 4, data);

}

static CPUReadMemoryFunc * const memory_region_read_thunk[] = {

    memory_region_read_thunk_b,

    memory_region_read_thunk_w,

    memory_region_read_thunk_l,

};

static CPUWriteMemoryFunc * const memory_region_write_thunk[] = {

    memory_region_write_thunk_b,

    memory_region_write_thunk_w,

    memory_region_write_thunk_l,

};

static void memory_region_prepare_ram_addr(MemoryRegion *mr)

{

    if (mr->backend_registered) {

        return;

    }

    mr->destructor = memory_region_destructor_iomem;

    mr->ram_addr = cpu_register_io_memory(memory_region_read_thunk,

                                          memory_region_write_thunk,

                                          mr,

                                          mr->ops->endianness);

    mr->backend_registered = true;

}

void memory_region_init_io(MemoryRegion *mr,

                           const MemoryRegionOps *ops,

                           void *opaque,

                           const char *name,

                           uint64_t size)

{

    memory_region_init(mr, name, size);

    mr->ops = ops;

    mr->opaque = opaque;

    mr->terminates = true;

    mr->backend_registered = false;

}

void memory_region_init_ram(MemoryRegion *mr,

                            DeviceState *dev,

                            const char *name,

                            uint64_t size)

{

    memory_region_init(mr, name, size);

    mr->terminates = true;

    mr->destructor = memory_region_destructor_ram;

    mr->ram_addr = qemu_ram_alloc(dev, name, size);

    mr->backend_registered = true;

}

void memory_region_init_ram_ptr(MemoryRegion *mr,

                                DeviceState *dev,

                                const char *name,

                                uint64_t size,

                                void *ptr)

{

    memory_region_init(mr, name, size);

    mr->terminates = true;

    mr->destructor = memory_region_destructor_ram_from_ptr;

    mr->ram_addr = qemu_ram_alloc_from_ptr(dev, name, size, ptr);

    mr->backend_registered = true;

}

void memory_region_init_alias(MemoryRegion *mr,

                              const char *name,

                              MemoryRegion *orig,

                              target_phys_addr_t offset,

                              uint64_t size)

{

    memory_region_init(mr, name, size);

    mr->alias = orig;

    mr->alias_offset = offset;

}

void memory_region_destroy(MemoryRegion *mr)

{

    assert(QTAILQ_EMPTY(&mr->subregions));

    mr->destructor(mr);

    memory_region_clear_coalescing(mr);

    qemu_free((char *)mr->name);

    qemu_free(mr->ioeventfds);

}

uint64_t memory_region_size(MemoryRegion *mr)

{

    return mr->size;

}

void memory_region_set_offset(MemoryRegion *mr, target_phys_addr_t offset)

{

    mr->offset = offset;