Archipelago » qemu

/*

 * QEMU System Emulator block driver

 *

 * Copyright (c) 2003 Fabrice Bellard

 *

 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy

 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights

 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell

 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is

 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

 *

 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in

 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

 *

 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR

 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,

 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL

 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER

 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,

 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN

 * THE SOFTWARE.

 */

#include "config-host.h"

#include "qemu-common.h"

#include "trace.h"

#include "monitor.h"

#include "block_int.h"

#include "module.h"

#include "qemu-objects.h"

#include "qemu-coroutine.h"

#ifdef CONFIG_BSD

#include <sys/types.h>

#include <sys/stat.h>

#include <sys/ioctl.h>

#include <sys/queue.h>

#ifndef __DragonFly__

#include <sys/disk.h>

#endif

#endif

#ifdef _WIN32

#include <windows.h>

#endif

static BlockDriverAIOCB *bdrv_aio_readv_em(BlockDriverState *bs,

        int64_t sector_num, QEMUIOVector *qiov, int nb_sectors,

        BlockDriverCompletionFunc *cb, void *opaque);

static BlockDriverAIOCB *bdrv_aio_writev_em(BlockDriverState *bs,

        int64_t sector_num, QEMUIOVector *qiov, int nb_sectors,

        BlockDriverCompletionFunc *cb, void *opaque);

static BlockDriverAIOCB *bdrv_aio_flush_em(BlockDriverState *bs,

        BlockDriverCompletionFunc *cb, void *opaque);

static BlockDriverAIOCB *bdrv_aio_noop_em(BlockDriverState *bs,

        BlockDriverCompletionFunc *cb, void *opaque);

static int bdrv_read_em(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,

                        uint8_t *buf, int nb_sectors);

static int bdrv_write_em(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,

                         const uint8_t *buf, int nb_sectors);

static BlockDriverAIOCB *bdrv_co_aio_readv_em(BlockDriverState *bs,

        int64_t sector_num, QEMUIOVector *qiov, int nb_sectors,

        BlockDriverCompletionFunc *cb, void *opaque);

static BlockDriverAIOCB *bdrv_co_aio_writev_em(BlockDriverState *bs,

        int64_t sector_num, QEMUIOVector *qiov, int nb_sectors,

        BlockDriverCompletionFunc *cb, void *opaque);

static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_readv_em(BlockDriverState *bs,

                                         int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,

                                         QEMUIOVector *iov);

static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_writev_em(BlockDriverState *bs,

                                         int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,

                                         QEMUIOVector *iov);

static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_flush_em(BlockDriverState *bs);

static QTAILQ_HEAD(, BlockDriverState) bdrv_states =

    QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(bdrv_states);

static QLIST_HEAD(, BlockDriver) bdrv_drivers =

    QLIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(bdrv_drivers);

/* The device to use for VM snapshots */

static BlockDriverState *bs_snapshots;

/* If non-zero, use only whitelisted block drivers */

static int use_bdrv_whitelist;

#ifdef _WIN32

static int is_windows_drive_prefix(const char *filename)

{

    return (((filename[0] >= 'a' && filename[0] <= 'z') ||

             (filename[0] >= 'A' && filename[0] <= 'Z')) &&

            filename[1] == ':');

}

int is_windows_drive(const char *filename)

{

    if (is_windows_drive_prefix(filename) &&

        filename[2] == '\0')

        return 1;

    if (strstart(filename, "\\\\.\\", NULL) ||

        strstart(filename, "//./", NULL))

        return 1;

    return 0;

}

#endif

/* check if the path starts with "<protocol>:" */

static int path_has_protocol(const char *path)

{

#ifdef _WIN32

    if (is_windows_drive(path) ||

        is_windows_drive_prefix(path)) {

        return 0;

    }

#endif

    return strchr(path, ':') != NULL;

}

int path_is_absolute(const char *path)

{

    const char *p;

#ifdef _WIN32

    /* specific case for names like: "\\.\d:" */

    if (*path == '/' || *path == '\\')

        return 1;

#endif

    p = strchr(path, ':');

    if (p)

        p++;

    else

        p = path;

#ifdef _WIN32

    return (*p == '/' || *p == '\\');

#else

    return (*p == '/');

#endif

}

/* if filename is absolute, just copy it to dest. Otherwise, build a

   path to it by considering it is relative to base_path. URL are

   supported. */

void path_combine(char *dest, int dest_size,

                  const char *base_path,

                  const char *filename)

{

    const char *p, *p1;

    int len;

    if (dest_size <= 0)

        return;

    if (path_is_absolute(filename)) {

        pstrcpy(dest, dest_size, filename);

    } else {

        p = strchr(base_path, ':');

        if (p)

            p++;

        else

            p = base_path;

        p1 = strrchr(base_path, '/');

#ifdef _WIN32

        {

            const char *p2;

            p2 = strrchr(base_path, '\\');

            if (!p1 || p2 > p1)

                p1 = p2;

        }

#endif

        if (p1)

            p1++;

        else

            p1 = base_path;

        if (p1 > p)

            p = p1;

        len = p - base_path;

        if (len > dest_size - 1)

            len = dest_size - 1;

        memcpy(dest, base_path, len);

        dest[len] = '\0';

        pstrcat(dest, dest_size, filename);

    }

}

void bdrv_register(BlockDriver *bdrv)

{

    if (bdrv->bdrv_co_readv) {

        /* Emulate AIO by coroutines, and sync by AIO */

        bdrv->bdrv_aio_readv = bdrv_co_aio_readv_em;

        bdrv->bdrv_aio_writev = bdrv_co_aio_writev_em;

        bdrv->bdrv_read = bdrv_read_em;

        bdrv->bdrv_write = bdrv_write_em;

     } else {

        bdrv->bdrv_co_readv = bdrv_co_readv_em;

        bdrv->bdrv_co_writev = bdrv_co_writev_em;

        if (!bdrv->bdrv_aio_readv) {

            /* add AIO emulation layer */

            bdrv->bdrv_aio_readv = bdrv_aio_readv_em;

            bdrv->bdrv_aio_writev = bdrv_aio_writev_em;

        } else if (!bdrv->bdrv_read) {

            /* add synchronous IO emulation layer */

            bdrv->bdrv_read = bdrv_read_em;

            bdrv->bdrv_write = bdrv_write_em;

        }

    }

    if (!bdrv->bdrv_aio_flush)

        bdrv->bdrv_aio_flush = bdrv_aio_flush_em;

    QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&bdrv_drivers, bdrv, list);

}

/* create a new block device (by default it is empty) */

BlockDriverState *bdrv_new(const char *device_name)

{

    BlockDriverState *bs;

    bs = g_malloc0(sizeof(BlockDriverState));

    pstrcpy(bs->device_name, sizeof(bs->device_name), device_name);

    if (device_name[0] != '\0') {

        QTAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&bdrv_states, bs, list);

    }

    return bs;

}

BlockDriver *bdrv_find_format(const char *format_name)

{

    BlockDriver *drv1;

    QLIST_FOREACH(drv1, &bdrv_drivers, list) {

        if (!strcmp(drv1->format_name, format_name)) {

            return drv1;

        }

    }

    return NULL;

}

static int bdrv_is_whitelisted(BlockDriver *drv)

{

    static const char *whitelist[] = {

        CONFIG_BDRV_WHITELIST

    };

    const char **p;

    if (!whitelist[0])

        return 1;               /* no whitelist, anything goes */

    for (p = whitelist; *p; p++) {

        if (!strcmp(drv->format_name, *p)) {

            return 1;

        }

    }

    return 0;

}

BlockDriver *bdrv_find_whitelisted_format(const char *format_name)

{

    BlockDriver *drv = bdrv_find_format(format_name);

    return drv && bdrv_is_whitelisted(drv) ? drv : NULL;

}

int bdrv_create(BlockDriver *drv, const char* filename,

    QEMUOptionParameter *options)

{

    if (!drv->bdrv_create)

        return -ENOTSUP;

    return drv->bdrv_create(filename, options);

}

int bdrv_create_file(const char* filename, QEMUOptionParameter *options)

{

    BlockDriver *drv;

    drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename);

    if (drv == NULL) {

        return -ENOENT;

    }

    return bdrv_create(drv, filename, options);

}

#ifdef _WIN32

void get_tmp_filename(char *filename, int size)

{

    char temp_dir[MAX_PATH];

    GetTempPath(MAX_PATH, temp_dir);

    GetTempFileName(temp_dir, "qem", 0, filename);

}

#else

void get_tmp_filename(char *filename, int size)

{

    int fd;

    const char *tmpdir;

    /* XXX: race condition possible */

    tmpdir = getenv("TMPDIR");

    if (!tmpdir)

        tmpdir = "/tmp";

    snprintf(filename, size, "%s/vl.XXXXXX", tmpdir);

    fd = mkstemp(filename);

    close(fd);

}

#endif

/*

 * Detect host devices. By convention, /dev/cdrom[N] is always

 * recognized as a host CDROM.

 */

static BlockDriver *find_hdev_driver(const char *filename)

{

    int score_max = 0, score;

    BlockDriver *drv = NULL, *d;

    QLIST_FOREACH(d, &bdrv_drivers, list) {

        if (d->bdrv_probe_device) {

            score = d->bdrv_probe_device(filename);

            if (score > score_max) {

                score_max = score;

                drv = d;

            }

        }

    }

    return drv;

}

BlockDriver *bdrv_find_protocol(const char *filename)

{

    BlockDriver *drv1;

    char protocol[128];

    int len;

    const char *p;

    /* TODO Drivers without bdrv_file_open must be specified explicitly */

    /*

     * XXX(hch): we really should not let host device detection

     * override an explicit protocol specification, but moving this

     * later breaks access to device names with colons in them.

     * Thanks to the brain-dead persistent naming schemes on udev-

     * based Linux systems those actually are quite common.

     */

    drv1 = find_hdev_driver(filename);

    if (drv1) {

        return drv1;

    }

    if (!path_has_protocol(filename)) {

        return bdrv_find_format("file");

    }

    p = strchr(filename, ':');

    assert(p != NULL);

    len = p - filename;

    if (len > sizeof(protocol) - 1)

        len = sizeof(protocol) - 1;

    memcpy(protocol, filename, len);

    protocol[len] = '\0';

    QLIST_FOREACH(drv1, &bdrv_drivers, list) {

        if (drv1->protocol_name &&

            !strcmp(drv1->protocol_name, protocol)) {

            return drv1;

        }

    }

    return NULL;

}

static int find_image_format(const char *filename, BlockDriver **pdrv)

{

    int ret, score, score_max;

    BlockDriver *drv1, *drv;

    uint8_t buf[2048];

    BlockDriverState *bs;

    ret = bdrv_file_open(&bs, filename, 0);

    if (ret < 0) {

        *pdrv = NULL;

        return ret;

    }

    /* Return the raw BlockDriver * to scsi-generic devices or empty drives */

    if (bs->sg || !bdrv_is_inserted(bs)) {

        bdrv_delete(bs);

        drv = bdrv_find_format("raw");

        if (!drv) {

            ret = -ENOENT;

        }

        *pdrv = drv;

        return ret;

    }

    ret = bdrv_pread(bs, 0, buf, sizeof(buf));

    bdrv_delete(bs);

    if (ret < 0) {

        *pdrv = NULL;

        return ret;

    }

    score_max = 0;

    drv = NULL;

    QLIST_FOREACH(drv1, &bdrv_drivers, list) {

        if (drv1->bdrv_probe) {

            score = drv1->bdrv_probe(buf, ret, filename);

            if (score > score_max) {

                score_max = score;

                drv = drv1;

            }

        }

    }

    if (!drv) {

        ret = -ENOENT;

    }

    *pdrv = drv;

    return ret;

}

/**

 * Set the current 'total_sectors' value

 */

static int refresh_total_sectors(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t hint)

{

    BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;

    /* Do not attempt drv->bdrv_getlength() on scsi-generic devices */

    if (bs->sg)

        return 0;

    /* query actual device if possible, otherwise just trust the hint */

    if (drv->bdrv_getlength) {

        int64_t length = drv->bdrv_getlength(bs);

        if (length < 0) {

            return length;

        }

        hint = length >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;

    }

    bs->total_sectors = hint;

    return 0;

}

/**

 * Set open flags for a given cache mode

 *

 * Return 0 on success, -1 if the cache mode was invalid.

 */

int bdrv_parse_cache_flags(const char *mode, int *flags)

{

    *flags &= ~BDRV_O_CACHE_MASK;

    if (!strcmp(mode, "off") || !strcmp(mode, "none")) {

        *flags |= BDRV_O_NOCACHE | BDRV_O_CACHE_WB;

    } else if (!strcmp(mode, "directsync")) {

        *flags |= BDRV_O_NOCACHE;

    } else if (!strcmp(mode, "writeback")) {

        *flags |= BDRV_O_CACHE_WB;

    } else if (!strcmp(mode, "unsafe")) {

        *flags |= BDRV_O_CACHE_WB;

        *flags |= BDRV_O_NO_FLUSH;

    } else if (!strcmp(mode, "writethrough")) {

        /* this is the default */

    } else {

        return -1;

    }

    return 0;

}

/*

 * Common part for opening disk images and files

 */

static int bdrv_open_common(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *filename,

    int flags, BlockDriver *drv)

{

    int ret, open_flags;

    assert(drv != NULL);

    bs->file = NULL;

    bs->total_sectors = 0;

    bs->encrypted = 0;

    bs->valid_key = 0;

    bs->open_flags = flags;

    /* buffer_alignment defaulted to 512, drivers can change this value */

    bs->buffer_alignment = 512;

    pstrcpy(bs->filename, sizeof(bs->filename), filename);

    if (use_bdrv_whitelist && !bdrv_is_whitelisted(drv)) {

        return -ENOTSUP;

    }

    bs->drv = drv;

    bs->opaque = g_malloc0(drv->instance_size);

    if (flags & BDRV_O_CACHE_WB)

        bs->enable_write_cache = 1;

    /*

     * Clear flags that are internal to the block layer before opening the

     * image.

     */

    open_flags = flags & ~(BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT | BDRV_O_NO_BACKING);

    /*

     * Snapshots should be writable.

     */

    if (bs->is_temporary) {

        open_flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;

    }

    /* Open the image, either directly or using a protocol */

    if (drv->bdrv_file_open) {

        ret = drv->bdrv_file_open(bs, filename, open_flags);

    } else {

        ret = bdrv_file_open(&bs->file, filename, open_flags);

        if (ret >= 0) {

            ret = drv->bdrv_open(bs, open_flags);

        }

    }

    if (ret < 0) {

        goto free_and_fail;

    }

    bs->keep_read_only = bs->read_only = !(open_flags & BDRV_O_RDWR);

    ret = refresh_total_sectors(bs, bs->total_sectors);

    if (ret < 0) {

        goto free_and_fail;

    }

#ifndef _WIN32

    if (bs->is_temporary) {

        unlink(filename);

    }

#endif

    return 0;

free_and_fail:

    if (bs->file) {

        bdrv_delete(bs->file);

        bs->file = NULL;

    }

    g_free(bs->opaque);

    bs->opaque = NULL;

    bs->drv = NULL;

    return ret;

}

/*

 * Opens a file using a protocol (file, host_device, nbd, ...)

 */

int bdrv_file_open(BlockDriverState **pbs, const char *filename, int flags)

{

    BlockDriverState *bs;

    BlockDriver *drv;

    int ret;

    drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename);

    if (!drv) {

        return -ENOENT;

    }

    bs = bdrv_new("");

    ret = bdrv_open_common(bs, filename, flags, drv);

    if (ret < 0) {

        bdrv_delete(bs);

        return ret;

    }

    bs->growable = 1;

    *pbs = bs;

    return 0;

}

/*

 * Opens a disk image (raw, qcow2, vmdk, ...)

 */

int bdrv_open(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *filename, int flags,

              BlockDriver *drv)

{

    int ret;

    if (flags & BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT) {

        BlockDriverState *bs1;

        int64_t total_size;

        int is_protocol = 0;

        BlockDriver *bdrv_qcow2;

        QEMUOptionParameter *options;

        char tmp_filename[PATH_MAX];

        char backing_filename[PATH_MAX];

        /* if snapshot, we create a temporary backing file and open it

           instead of opening 'filename' directly */

        /* if there is a backing file, use it */

        bs1 = bdrv_new("");

        ret = bdrv_open(bs1, filename, 0, drv);

        if (ret < 0) {

            bdrv_delete(bs1);

            return ret;

        }

        total_size = bdrv_getlength(bs1) & BDRV_SECTOR_MASK;

        if (bs1->drv && bs1->drv->protocol_name)

            is_protocol = 1;

        bdrv_delete(bs1);

        get_tmp_filename(tmp_filename, sizeof(tmp_filename));

        /* Real path is meaningless for protocols */

        if (is_protocol)

            snprintf(backing_filename, sizeof(backing_filename),

                     "%s", filename);

        else if (!realpath(filename, backing_filename))

            return -errno;

        bdrv_qcow2 = bdrv_find_format("qcow2");

        options = parse_option_parameters("", bdrv_qcow2->create_options, NULL);

        set_option_parameter_int(options, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, total_size);

        set_option_parameter(options, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE, backing_filename);

        if (drv) {

            set_option_parameter(options, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT,

                drv->format_name);

        }

        ret = bdrv_create(bdrv_qcow2, tmp_filename, options);

        free_option_parameters(options);

        if (ret < 0) {

            return ret;

        }

        filename = tmp_filename;

        drv = bdrv_qcow2;

        bs->is_temporary = 1;

    }

    /* Find the right image format driver */

    if (!drv) {

        ret = find_image_format(filename, &drv);

    }

    if (!drv) {

        goto unlink_and_fail;

    }

    /* Open the image */

    ret = bdrv_open_common(bs, filename, flags, drv);

    if (ret < 0) {

        goto unlink_and_fail;

    }

    /* If there is a backing file, use it */

    if ((flags & BDRV_O_NO_BACKING) == 0 && bs->backing_file[0] != '\0') {

        char backing_filename[PATH_MAX];

        int back_flags;

        BlockDriver *back_drv = NULL;

        bs->backing_hd = bdrv_new("");

        if (path_has_protocol(bs->backing_file)) {

            pstrcpy(backing_filename, sizeof(backing_filename),

                    bs->backing_file);

        } else {

            path_combine(backing_filename, sizeof(backing_filename),

                         filename, bs->backing_file);

        }

        if (bs->backing_format[0] != '\0') {

            back_drv = bdrv_find_format(bs->backing_format);

        }

        /* backing files always opened read-only */

        back_flags =

            flags & ~(BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT | BDRV_O_NO_BACKING);

        ret = bdrv_open(bs->backing_hd, backing_filename, back_flags, back_drv);

        if (ret < 0) {

            bdrv_close(bs);

            return ret;

        }

        if (bs->is_temporary) {

            bs->backing_hd->keep_read_only = !(flags & BDRV_O_RDWR);

        } else {

            /* base image inherits from "parent" */

            bs->backing_hd->keep_read_only = bs->keep_read_only;

        }

    }

    if (!bdrv_key_required(bs)) {

        /* call the change callback */

        bs->media_changed = 1;

        if (bs->change_cb)

            bs->change_cb(bs->change_opaque, CHANGE_MEDIA);

    }

    return 0;

unlink_and_fail:

    if (bs->is_temporary) {

        unlink(filename);

    }

    return ret;

}

void bdrv_close(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    if (bs->drv) {

        if (bs == bs_snapshots) {

            bs_snapshots = NULL;

        }

        if (bs->backing_hd) {

            bdrv_delete(bs->backing_hd);

            bs->backing_hd = NULL;

        }

        bs->drv->bdrv_close(bs);

        g_free(bs->opaque);

#ifdef _WIN32

        if (bs->is_temporary) {

            unlink(bs->filename);

        }

#endif

        bs->opaque = NULL;

        bs->drv = NULL;

        if (bs->file != NULL) {

            bdrv_close(bs->file);

        }

        /* call the change callback */

        bs->media_changed = 1;

        if (bs->change_cb)

            bs->change_cb(bs->change_opaque, CHANGE_MEDIA);

    }

}

void bdrv_close_all(void)

{

    BlockDriverState *bs;

    QTAILQ_FOREACH(bs, &bdrv_states, list) {

        bdrv_close(bs);

    }

}

/* make a BlockDriverState anonymous by removing from bdrv_state list.

   Also, NULL terminate the device_name to prevent double remove */

void bdrv_make_anon(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    if (bs->device_name[0] != '\0') {

        QTAILQ_REMOVE(&bdrv_states, bs, list);

    }

    bs->device_name[0] = '\0';

}

void bdrv_delete(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    assert(!bs->peer);

    /* remove from list, if necessary */

    bdrv_make_anon(bs);

    bdrv_close(bs);

    if (bs->file != NULL) {

        bdrv_delete(bs->file);

    }

    assert(bs != bs_snapshots);

    g_free(bs);

}

int bdrv_attach(BlockDriverState *bs, DeviceState *qdev)

{

    if (bs->peer) {

        return -EBUSY;

    }

    bs->peer = qdev;

    return 0;

}

void bdrv_detach(BlockDriverState *bs, DeviceState *qdev)

{

    assert(bs->peer == qdev);

    bs->peer = NULL;

    bs->change_cb = NULL;

    bs->change_opaque = NULL;

}

DeviceState *bdrv_get_attached(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    return bs->peer;

}

/*

 * Run consistency checks on an image

 *

 * Returns 0 if the check could be completed (it doesn't mean that the image is

 * free of errors) or -errno when an internal error occurred. The results of the

 * check are stored in res.

 */

int bdrv_check(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *res)

{

    if (bs->drv->bdrv_check == NULL) {

        return -ENOTSUP;

    }

    memset(res, 0, sizeof(*res));

    return bs->drv->bdrv_check(bs, res);

}

#define COMMIT_BUF_SECTORS 2048

/* commit COW file into the raw image */

int bdrv_commit(BlockDriverState *bs)

{

    BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;

    BlockDriver *backing_drv;

    int64_t sector, total_sectors;

    int n, ro, open_flags;

    int ret = 0, rw_ret = 0;

    uint8_t *buf;

    char filename[1024];

    BlockDriverState *bs_rw, *bs_ro;

    if (!drv)

        return -ENOMEDIUM;

    if (!bs->backing_hd) {

        return -ENOTSUP;

    }

    if (bs->backing_hd->keep_read_only) {

        return -EACCES;

    }

    backing_drv = bs->backing_hd->drv;

    ro = bs->backing_hd->read_only;

    strncpy(filename, bs->backing_hd->filename, sizeof(filename));

    open_flags =  bs->backing_hd->open_flags;

    if (ro) {

        /* re-open as RW */

        bdrv_delete(bs->backing_hd);

        bs->backing_hd = NULL;

        bs_rw = bdrv_new("");

        rw_ret = bdrv_open(bs_rw, filename, open_flags | BDRV_O_RDWR,

            backing_drv);

        if (rw_ret < 0) {

            bdrv_delete(bs_rw);

            /* try to re-open read-only */

            bs_ro = bdrv_new("");

            ret = bdrv_open(bs_ro, filename, open_flags & ~BDRV_O_RDWR,

                backing_drv);

            if (ret < 0) {

                bdrv_delete(bs_ro);

                /* drive not functional anymore */

                bs->drv = NULL;

                return ret;

            }

            bs->backing_hd = bs_ro;

            return rw_ret;

        }

        bs->backing_hd = bs_rw;

    }

    total_sectors = bdrv_getlength(bs) >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;

    buf = g_malloc(COMMIT_BUF_SECTORS * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);

    for (sector = 0; sector < total_sectors; sector += n) {

        if (drv->bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector, COMMIT_BUF_SECTORS, &n)) {

            if (bdrv_read(bs, sector, buf, n) != 0) {

                ret = -EIO;

                goto ro_cleanup;

            }

            if (bdrv_write(bs->backing_hd, sector, buf, n) != 0) {

                ret = -EIO;

                goto ro_cleanup;

            }

        }

    }

    if (drv->bdrv_make_empty) {

        ret = drv->bdrv_make_empty(bs);

        bdrv_flush(bs);

    }

    /*

     * Make sure all data we wrote to the backing device is actually

     * stable on disk.

     */

    if (bs->backing_hd)

        bdrv_flush(bs->backing_hd);

ro_cleanup:

    g_free(buf);

    if (ro) {

        /* re-open as RO */

        bdrv_delete(bs->backing_hd);

        bs->backing_hd = NULL;