Synnefo

# Copyright 2011-2012 GRNET S.A. All rights reserved.

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from httplib import HTTPConnection, HTTPSConnection, HTTP

from sys import stdin

from xml.dom import minidom

from StringIO import StringIO

from urllib import quote, unquote

from urlparse import urlparse

import json

import types

import socket

import urllib

import datetime

ERROR_CODES = {304:'Not Modified',

               400:'Bad Request',

               401:'Unauthorized',

               403:'Forbidden',

               404:'Not Found',

               409:'Conflict',

               411:'Length Required',

               412:'Precondition Failed',

               413:'Request Entity Too Large',

               416:'Range Not Satisfiable',

               422:'Unprocessable Entity',

               500:'Internal Server Error',

               501:'Not Implemented'}

class Fault(Exception):

    def __init__(self, data='', status=None):

        if data == '' and status in ERROR_CODES.keys():

            data = ERROR_CODES[status]

        Exception.__init__(self, data)

        self.data = data

        self.status = status

class Client(object):

    def __init__(self, url, token, account, verbose=False, debug=False):

        """`url` can also include a port, e.g '127.0.0.1:8000'."""

        self.url = url

        self.account = account

        self.verbose = verbose or debug

        self.debug = debug

        self.token = token

    def _req(self, method, path, body=None, headers={}, format='text', params={}):

        p = urlparse(self.url)

        if p.scheme == 'http':

            conn = HTTPConnection(p.netloc)

        elif p.scheme == 'https':

            conn = HTTPSConnection(p.netloc)

        else:

            raise Exception('Unknown URL scheme')

        full_path = _prepare_path(p.path + path, format, params)

        kwargs = {}

        kwargs['headers'] = _prepare_headers(headers)

        kwargs['headers']['X-Auth-Token'] = self.token

        if body:

            kwargs['body'] = body

            kwargs['headers'].setdefault('content-type', 'application/octet-stream')

        kwargs['headers'].setdefault('content-length', len(body) if body else 0)

        #print '#', method, full_path, kwargs

        #t1 = datetime.datetime.utcnow()

        conn.request(method, full_path, **kwargs)

        resp = conn.getresponse()

        #t2 = datetime.datetime.utcnow()

        #print 'response time:', str(t2-t1)

        return _handle_response(resp, self.verbose, self.debug)

    def _chunked_transfer(self, path, method='PUT', f=stdin, headers=None,

                          blocksize=1024, params={}):

        """perfomrs a chunked request"""

        p = urlparse(self.url)

        if p.scheme == 'http':

            conn = HTTPConnection(p.netloc)

        elif p.scheme == 'https':

            conn = HTTPSConnection(p.netloc)

        else:

            raise Exception('Unknown URL scheme')

        full_path = _prepare_path(p.path + path, params=params)

        headers.setdefault('content-type', 'application/octet-stream')

        conn.putrequest(method, full_path)

        conn.putheader('x-auth-token', self.token)

        conn.putheader('transfer-encoding', 'chunked')

        for k,v in _prepare_headers(headers).items():

            conn.putheader(k, v)

        conn.endheaders()

        # write body

        data = ''

        while True:

            if f.closed:

                break

            block = f.read(blocksize)

            if block == '':

                break

            data = '%x\r\n%s\r\n' % (len(block), block)

            try:

                conn.send(data)

            except:

                #retry

                conn.send(data)

        data = '0\r\n\r\n'

        try:

            conn.send(data)

        except:

            #retry

            conn.send(data)

        resp = conn.getresponse()

        return _handle_response(resp, self.verbose, self.debug)

    def delete(self, path, format='text', params={}):

        return self._req('DELETE', path, format=format, params=params)

    def get(self, path, format='text', headers={}, params={}):

        return self._req('GET', path, headers=headers, format=format,

                        params=params)

    def head(self, path, format='text', params={}):

         return self._req('HEAD', path, format=format, params=params)

    def post(self, path, body=None, format='text', headers=None, params={}):

        return self._req('POST', path, body, headers=headers, format=format,

                        params=params)

    def put(self, path, body=None, format='text', headers=None, params={}):

        return self._req('PUT', path, body, headers=headers, format=format,

                         params=params)

    def _list(self, path, format='text', params={}, **headers):

        status, headers, data = self.get(path, format=format, headers=headers,

                                         params=params)

        if format == 'json':

            data = json.loads(data) if data else ''

        elif format == 'xml':

            data = minidom.parseString(data)

        else:

            data = data.split('\n')[:-1] if data else ''

        return data

    def _get_metadata(self, path, prefix=None, params={}):

        status, headers, data = self.head(path, params=params)

        prefixlen = len(prefix) if prefix else 0

        meta = {}

        for key, val in headers.items():

            if prefix and not key.startswith(prefix):

                continue

            elif prefix and key.startswith(prefix):

                key = key[prefixlen:]

            meta[key] = val

        return meta

    def _filter(self, l, d):

        """

        filter out from l elements having the metadata values provided

        """

        ll = l

        for elem in l:

            if type(elem) == types.DictionaryType:

                for key in d.keys():

                    k = 'x_object_meta_%s' % key

                    if k in elem.keys() and elem[k] == d[key]:

                        ll.remove(elem)

                        break

        return ll

class OOS_Client(Client):

    """Openstack Object Storage Client"""

    def _update_metadata(self, path, entity, **meta):

        """adds new and updates the values of previously set metadata"""

        ex_meta = self.retrieve_account_metadata(restricted=True)

        ex_meta.update(meta)

        headers = {}

        prefix = 'x-%s-meta-' % entity

        for k,v in ex_meta.items():

            k = '%s%s' % (prefix, k)

            headers[k] = v

        return self.post(path, headers=headers)

    def _reset_metadata(self, path, entity, **meta):

        """

        overwrites all user defined metadata

        """

        headers = {}

        prefix = 'x-%s-meta-' % entity

        for k,v in meta.items():

            k = '%s%s' % (prefix, k)

            headers[k] = v

        return self.post(path, headers=headers)

    def _delete_metadata(self, path, entity, meta=[]):

        """delete previously set metadata"""

        ex_meta = self.retrieve_account_metadata(restricted=True)

        headers = {}

        prefix = 'x-%s-meta-' % entity

        for k in ex_meta.keys():

            if k in meta:

                headers['%s%s' % (prefix, k)] = ex_meta[k]

        return self.post(path, headers=headers)

    # Storage Account Services

    def list_containers(self, format='text', limit=None,

                        marker=None, params={}, account=None, **headers):

        """lists containers"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s' % account

        params.update({'limit':limit, 'marker':marker})

        return self._list(path, format, params, **headers)

    def retrieve_account_metadata(self, restricted=False, account=None, **params):

        """returns the account metadata"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s' % account

        prefix = 'x-account-meta-' if restricted else None

        return self._get_metadata(path, prefix, params)

    def update_account_metadata(self, account=None, **meta):

        """updates the account metadata"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s' % account

        return self._update_metadata(path, 'account', **meta)

    def delete_account_metadata(self, meta=[], account=None):

        """deletes the account metadata"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s' % account

        return self._delete_metadata(path, 'account', meta)

    def reset_account_metadata(self, account=None, **meta):

        """resets account metadata"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s' % account

        return self._reset_metadata(path, 'account', **meta)

    # Storage Container Services

    def _filter_trashed(self, l):

        return self._filter(l, {'trash':'true'})

    def list_objects(self, container, format='text',

                     limit=None, marker=None, prefix=None, delimiter=None,

                     path=None, include_trashed=False, params={}, account=None,

                     **headers):

        """returns a list with the container objects"""

        account = account or self.account

        params.update({'limit':limit, 'marker':marker, 'prefix':prefix,

                       'delimiter':delimiter, 'path':path})

        l = self._list('/%s/%s' % (account, container), format, params,

                       **headers)

        #TODO support filter trashed with xml also

        if format != 'xml' and not include_trashed:

            l = self._filter_trashed(l)

        return l

    def create_container(self, container, account=None, meta={}, **headers):

        """creates a container"""

        account = account or self.account

        if not headers:

            headers = {}

        for k,v in meta.items():

            headers['x-container-meta-%s' %k.strip().upper()] = v.strip()

        status, header, data = self.put('/%s/%s' % (account, container),

                                        headers=headers)

        if status == 202:

            return False

        elif status != 201:

            raise Fault(data, int(status))

        return True

    def delete_container(self, container, params={}, account=None):

        """deletes a container"""

        account = account or self.account

        return self.delete('/%s/%s' % (account, container), params=params)

    def retrieve_container_metadata(self, container, restricted=False,

                                    account=None, **params):

        """returns the container metadata"""

        account = account or self.account

        prefix = 'x-container-meta-' if restricted else None

        return self._get_metadata('/%s/%s' % (account, container), prefix,

                                  params)

    def update_container_metadata(self, container, account=None, **meta):

        """unpdates the container metadata"""

        account = account or self.account

        return self._update_metadata('/%s/%s' % (account, container),

                                     'container', **meta)

    def delete_container_metadata(self, container, meta=[], account=None):

        """deletes the container metadata"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s/%s' % (account, container)

        return self._delete_metadata(path, 'container', meta)

    # Storage Object Services

    def request_object(self, container, object, format='text', params={},

                       account=None, **headers):

        """returns tuple containing the status, headers and data response for an object request"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s/%s/%s' % (account, container, object)

        status, headers, data = self.get(path, format, headers, params)

        return status, headers, data

    def retrieve_object(self, container, object, format='text', params={},

                        account=None, **headers):

        """returns an object's data"""

        account = account or self.account

        t = self.request_object(container, object, format, params, account,

                                **headers)

        data = t[2]

        if format == 'json':

            data = json.loads(data) if data else ''

        elif format == 'xml':

            data = minidom.parseString(data)

        return data

    def retrieve_object_hashmap(self, container, object, format='json', params={},

                        account=None, **headers):

        """returns the hashmap representing object's data"""

        if not params:

            params = {}

        params.update({'hashmap':None})

        return self.retrieve_object(container, object, params, format, account, **headers)

    def create_directory_marker(self, container, object, account=None):

        """creates a dierectory marker"""

        account = account or self.account

        if not object:

            raise Fault('Directory markers have to be nested in a container')

        h = {'content_type':'application/directory'}

        return self.create_zero_length_object(container, object, account=account,

                                              **h)

    def create_object(self, container, object, f=stdin, format='text', meta={},

                      params={}, etag=None, content_type=None, content_encoding=None,

                      content_disposition=None, account=None, **headers):

        """creates a zero-length object"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s/%s/%s' % (account, container, object)

        for k, v  in headers.items():

            if v == None:

                headers.pop(k)

        l = ['etag', 'content_encoding', 'content_disposition', 'content_type']

        l = [elem for elem in l if eval(elem)]

        for elem in l:

            headers.update({elem:eval(elem)})

        headers.setdefault('content-type', 'application/octet-stream')

        for k,v in meta.items():

            headers['x-object-meta-%s' %k.strip()] = v.strip()

        data = f.read() if f else None

        return self.put(path, data, format, headers=headers, params=params)

    def create_zero_length_object(self, container, object, meta={}, etag=None,

                                  content_type=None, content_encoding=None,

                                  content_disposition=None, account=None,

                                  **headers):

        account = account or self.account

        args = locals().copy()

        for elem in ['self', 'container', 'headers', 'account']:

            args.pop(elem)

        args.update(headers)

        return self.create_object(container, account=account, f=None, **args)

    def update_object(self, container, object, f=stdin,

                      offset=None, meta={}, params={}, content_length=None,

                      content_type=None, content_encoding=None,

                      content_disposition=None,  account=None, **headers):

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s/%s/%s' % (account, container, object)

        for k, v  in headers.items():

            if v == None:

                headers.pop(k)

        l = ['content_encoding', 'content_disposition', 'content_type',

             'content_length']

        l = [elem for elem in l if eval(elem)]

        for elem in l:

            headers.update({elem:eval(elem)})

        if 'content_range' not in headers.keys():

            if offset != None:

                headers['content_range'] = 'bytes %s-/*' % offset

            else:

                headers['content_range'] = 'bytes */*'

        for k,v in meta.items():

            headers['x-object-meta-%s' %k.strip()] = v.strip()

        data = f.read() if f else None

        return self.post(path, data, headers=headers, params=params)

    def update_object_using_chunks(self, container, object, f=stdin,

                                   blocksize=1024, offset=None, meta={},

                                   params={}, content_type=None, content_encoding=None,

                                   content_disposition=None, account=None, **headers):

        """updates an object (incremental upload)"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s/%s/%s' % (account, container, object)

        headers = headers if not headers else {}

        l = ['content_type', 'content_encoding', 'content_disposition']

        l = [elem for elem in l if eval(elem)]

        for elem in l:

            headers.update({elem:eval(elem)})

        if offset != None:

            headers['content_range'] = 'bytes %s-/*' % offset

        else:

            headers['content_range'] = 'bytes */*'

        for k,v in meta.items():

            v = v.strip()

            headers['x-object-meta-%s' %k.strip()] = v

        return self._chunked_transfer(path, 'POST', f, headers=headers,

                                      blocksize=blocksize, params=params)

    def _change_obj_location(self, src_container, src_object, dst_container,

                             dst_object, remove=False, meta={}, account=None,

                             content_type=None, **headers):

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s/%s/%s' % (account, dst_container, dst_object)

        headers = {} if not headers else headers

        params = {}

        for k, v in meta.items():

            headers['x-object-meta-%s' % k] = v

        if remove:

            headers['x-move-from'] = '/%s/%s' % (src_container, src_object)

        else:

            headers['x-copy-from'] = '/%s/%s' % (src_container, src_object)

        headers['content_length'] = 0

        if content_type:

            headers['content_type'] = content_type

        else:

            params['ignore_content_type'] = ''

        return self.put(path, headers=headers, params=params)

    def copy_object(self, src_container, src_object, dst_container, dst_object,

                   meta={}, account=None, content_type=None, **headers):

        """copies an object"""

        account = account or self.account

        return self._change_obj_location(src_container, src_object,

                                   dst_container, dst_object, account=account,

                                   remove=False, meta=meta,

                                   content_type=content_type, **headers)

    def move_object(self, src_container, src_object, dst_container,

                             dst_object, meta={}, account=None,

                             content_type=None, **headers):

        """moves an object"""

        account = account or self.account

        return self._change_obj_location(src_container, src_object,

                                         dst_container, dst_object,

                                         account=account, remove=True,

                                         meta=meta, content_type=content_type,

                                         **headers)

    def delete_object(self, container, object, params={}, account=None):

        """deletes an object"""

        account = account or self.account

        return self.delete('/%s/%s/%s' % (account, container, object),

                           params=params)

    def retrieve_object_metadata(self, container, object, restricted=False,

                                 version=None, account=None):

        """

        set restricted to True to get only user defined metadata

        """

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s/%s/%s' % (account, container, object)

        prefix = 'x-object-meta-' if restricted else None

        params = {'version':version} if version else {}

        return self._get_metadata(path, prefix, params=params)

    def update_object_metadata(self, container, object, account=None,

                               **meta):

        """

        updates object's metadata

        """

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s/%s/%s' % (account, container, object)

        return self._update_metadata(path, 'object', **meta)

    def delete_object_metadata(self, container, object, meta=[], account=None):

        """

        deletes object's metadata

        """

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s/%s' % (account, container, object)

        return self._delete_metadata(path, 'object', meta)

class Pithos_Client(OOS_Client):

    """Pithos Storage Client. Extends OOS_Client"""

    def _update_metadata(self, path, entity, **meta):

        """

        adds new and updates the values of previously set metadata

        """

        params = {'update':None}

        headers = {}

        prefix = 'x-%s-meta-' % entity

        for k,v in meta.items():

            k = '%s%s' % (prefix, k)

            headers[k] = v

        return self.post(path, headers=headers, params=params)

    def _delete_metadata(self, path, entity, meta=[]):

        """

        delete previously set metadata

        """

        params = {'update':None}

        headers = {}

        prefix = 'x-%s-meta-' % entity

        for m in meta:

            headers['%s%s' % (prefix, m)] = ''

        return self.post(path, headers=headers, params=params)

    # Storage Account Services

    def list_containers(self, format='text', if_modified_since=None,

                        if_unmodified_since=None, limit=None, marker=None,

                        shared=False, until=None, account=None):

        """returns a list with the account containers"""

        account = account or self.account

        params = {'until':until} if until else {}

        if shared:

            params['shared'] = None

        headers = {'if-modified-since':if_modified_since,

                   'if-unmodified-since':if_unmodified_since}

        return OOS_Client.list_containers(self, account=account, format=format,

                                          limit=limit, marker=marker,

                                          params=params, **headers)

    def retrieve_account_metadata(self, restricted=False, until=None,

                                  account=None):

        """returns the account metadata"""

        account = account or self.account

        params = {'until':until} if until else {}

        return OOS_Client.retrieve_account_metadata(self, account=account,

                                                    restricted=restricted,

                                                    **params)

    def set_account_groups(self, account=None, **groups):

        """create account groups"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s' % account

        headers = {}

        for k, v in groups.items():

            headers['x-account-group-%s' % k] = v

        params = {'update':None}

        return self.post(path, headers=headers, params=params)

    def retrieve_account_groups(self, account=None):

        """returns the account groups"""

        account = account or self.account

        meta = self.retrieve_account_metadata(account=account)

        prefix = 'x-account-group-'

        prefixlen = len(prefix)

        groups = {}

        for key, val in meta.items():

            if prefix and not key.startswith(prefix):

                continue

            elif prefix and key.startswith(prefix):

                key = key[prefixlen:]

            groups[key] = val

        return groups

    def unset_account_groups(self, groups=[], account=None):

        """delete account groups"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s' % account

        headers = {}

        for elem in groups:

            headers['x-account-group-%s' % elem] = ''

        params = {'update':None}

        return self.post(path, headers=headers, params=params)

    def reset_account_groups(self, account=None, **groups):

        """overrides account groups"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s' % account

        headers = {}

        for k, v in groups.items():

            v = v.strip()

            headers['x-account-group-%s' % k] = v

        meta = self.retrieve_account_metadata(restricted=True)

        prefix = 'x-account-meta-'

        for k,v in meta.items():

            k = '%s%s' % (prefix, k)

            headers[k] = v

        return self.post(path, headers=headers)

    # Storage Container Services

    def create_container(self, container, account=None, meta={}, policies={}):

        """creates a container"""

        args = {}

        for k, v in policies.items():

            args['X-Container-Policy-%s' % k.capitalize()] = v

        return OOS_Client.create_container(self, container, account, meta, **args)

    def list_objects(self, container, format='text',

                     limit=None, marker=None, prefix=None, delimiter=None,

                     path=None, shared=False, include_trashed=False, params={},

                     if_modified_since=None, if_unmodified_since=None, meta='',

                     until=None, account=None):

        """returns a list with the container objects"""

        account = account or self.account

        params = {'until':until, 'meta':meta}

        if shared:

            params['shared'] = None

        args = locals().copy()

        for elem in ['self', 'container', 'params', 'until', 'meta']:

            args.pop(elem)

        return OOS_Client.list_objects(self, container, params=params, **args)

    def retrieve_container_metadata(self, container, restricted=False,

                                    until=None, account=None):

        """returns container's metadata"""

        account = account or self.account

        params = {'until':until} if until else {}

        return OOS_Client.retrieve_container_metadata(self, container,

                                                      account=account,

                                                      restricted=restricted,

                                                      **params)

    def set_container_policies(self, container, account=None,

                               **policies):

        """sets containers policies"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s/%s' % (account, container)

        headers = {}

        for key, val in policies.items():

            headers['x-container-policy-%s' % key] = val

        return self.post(path, headers=headers)

    def update_container_data(self, container, f=stdin):

        """adds blocks of data to the container"""

        account = self.account

        path = '/%s/%s' % (account, container)

        params = {'update': None}

        headers = {'content_type': 'application/octet-stream'}

        data = f.read() if f else None

        headers['content_length'] = len(data)

        return self.post(path, data, headers=headers, params=params)

    def delete_container(self, container, until=None, account=None):

        """deletes a container or the container history until the date provided"""

        account = account or self.account

        params = {'until':until} if until else {}

        return OOS_Client.delete_container(self, container, account=account,

                                           params=params)

    # Storage Object Services

    def retrieve_object(self, container, object, params={}, format='text',

                        range=None, if_range=None,

                        if_match=None, if_none_match=None,

                        if_modified_since=None, if_unmodified_since=None,

                        account=None, **headers):

        """returns an object"""

        account = account or self.account

        headers={}

        l = ['range', 'if_range', 'if_match', 'if_none_match',

             'if_modified_since', 'if_unmodified_since']

        l = [elem for elem in l if eval(elem)]

        for elem in l:

            headers.update({elem:eval(elem)})

        if format != 'text':

            params['hashmap'] = None

        return OOS_Client.retrieve_object(self, container, object,

                                          account=account, format=format,

                                          params=params, **headers)

    def retrieve_object_version(self, container, object, version,

                                format='text', range=None, if_range=None,

                                if_match=None, if_none_match=None,

                                if_modified_since=None, if_unmodified_since=None,

                                account=None):

        """returns a specific object version"""

        account = account or self.account

        args = locals().copy()

        l = ['self', 'container', 'object']

        for elem in l:

            args.pop(elem)

        params = {'version':version}

        return self.retrieve_object(container, object, params=params, **args)

    def retrieve_object_versionlist(self, container, object, range=None,

                                    if_range=None, if_match=None,

                                    if_none_match=None, if_modified_since=None,

                                    if_unmodified_since=None, account=None):

        """returns the object version list"""

        account = account or self.account

        args = locals().copy()

        l = ['self', 'container', 'object']

        for elem in l:

            args.pop(elem)

        return self.retrieve_object_version(container, object, version='list',

                                            format='json', **args)

    def create_zero_length_object(self, container, object,

                                  meta={}, etag=None, content_type=None,

                                  content_encoding=None,

                                  content_disposition=None,

                                  x_object_manifest=None, x_object_sharing=None,

                                  x_object_public=None, account=None):

        """createas a zero length object"""

        account = account or self.account

        args = locals().copy()

        for elem in ['self', 'container', 'object']:

            args.pop(elem)

        return OOS_Client.create_zero_length_object(self, container, object,

                                                    **args)

    def create_object(self, container, object, f=stdin, format='text',

                      meta={}, params={}, etag=None, content_type=None,

                      content_encoding=None, content_disposition=None,

                      x_object_manifest=None, x_object_sharing=None,

                      x_object_public=None, account=None):

        """creates an object"""

        account = account or self.account

        args = locals().copy()

        for elem in ['self', 'container', 'object']:

            args.pop(elem)

        if format != 'text':

            params.update({'hashmap':None})

        return OOS_Client.create_object(self, container, object, **args)

    def create_object_using_chunks(self, container, object,

                                   f=stdin, blocksize=1024, meta={}, etag=None,

                                   content_type=None, content_encoding=None,

                                   content_disposition=None,

                                   x_object_sharing=None, x_object_manifest=None,

                                   x_object_public=None, account=None):

        """creates an object (incremental upload)"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s/%s/%s' % (account, container, object)

        headers = {}

        l = ['etag', 'content_type', 'content_encoding', 'content_disposition', 

             'x_object_sharing', 'x_object_manifest', 'x_object_public']

        l = [elem for elem in l if eval(elem)]

        for elem in l:

            headers.update({elem:eval(elem)})

        headers.setdefault('content-type', 'application/octet-stream')

        for k,v in meta.items():

            v = v.strip()

            headers['x-object-meta-%s' %k.strip()] = v

        return self._chunked_transfer(path, 'PUT', f, headers=headers,

                                      blocksize=blocksize)

    def create_object_by_hashmap(self, container, object, hashmap={},

                                 meta={}, etag=None, content_encoding=None,

                                 content_disposition=None, content_type=None,

                                 x_object_sharing=None, x_object_manifest=None,

                                 x_object_public = None, account=None):

        """creates an object by uploading hashes representing data instead of data"""

        account = account or self.account

        args = locals().copy()

        for elem in ['self', 'container', 'object', 'hashmap']:

            args.pop(elem)

        try:

            data = json.dumps(hashmap)

        except SyntaxError:

            raise Fault('Invalid formatting')

        args['params'] = {'hashmap':None}

        args['format'] = 'json'

        return self.create_object(container, object, f=StringIO(data), **args)

    def create_manifestation(self, container, object, manifest, account=None):

        """creates a manifestation"""

        account = account or self.account

        headers={'x_object_manifest':manifest}

        return self.create_object(container, object, f=None, account=account,

                                  **headers)

    def update_object(self, container, object, f=stdin,

                      offset=None, meta={}, replace=False, content_length=None,

                      content_type=None, content_range=None,

                      content_encoding=None, content_disposition=None,

                      x_object_bytes=None, x_object_manifest=None,

                      x_object_sharing=None, x_object_public=None,

                      x_source_object=None, account=None):

        """updates an object"""

        account = account or self.account

        args = locals().copy()

        for elem in ['self', 'container', 'object', 'replace']:

            args.pop(elem)

        if not replace:

            args['params'] = {'update':None}

        return OOS_Client.update_object(self, container, object, **args)

    def update_object_using_chunks(self, container, object, f=stdin,

                                   blocksize=1024, offset=None, meta={},

                                   replace=False, content_type=None, content_encoding=None,

                                   content_disposition=None, x_object_bytes=None,

                                   x_object_manifest=None, x_object_sharing=None,

                                   x_object_public=None, account=None):

        """updates an object (incremental upload)"""

        account = account or self.account

        args = locals().copy()

        for elem in ['self', 'container', 'object', 'replace']:

            args.pop(elem)

        if not replace:

            args['params'] = {'update':None}

        return OOS_Client.update_object_using_chunks(self, container, object, **args)

    def update_from_other_source(self, container, object, source,

                      offset=None, meta={}, content_range=None,

                      content_encoding=None, content_disposition=None,

                      x_object_bytes=None, x_object_manifest=None,

                      x_object_sharing=None, x_object_public=None, account=None):

        """updates an object"""

        account = account or self.account

        args = locals().copy()

        for elem in ['self', 'container', 'object', 'source']:

            args.pop(elem)

        args['x_source_object'] = source

        return self.update_object(container, object, f=None, **args)

    def delete_object(self, container, object, until=None, account=None):

        """deletes an object or the object history until the date provided"""

        account = account or self.account

        params = {'until':until} if until else {}

        return OOS_Client.delete_object(self, container, object, params, account)

    def trash_object(self, container, object):

        """trashes an object"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s/%s' % (container, object)

        meta = {'trash':'true'}

        return self._update_metadata(path, 'object', **meta)

    def restore_object(self, container, object, account=None):

        """restores a trashed object"""

        account = account or self.account

        return self.delete_object_metadata(container, object, account, ['trash'])

    def publish_object(self, container, object, account=None):

        """sets a previously created object publicly accessible"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s/%s/%s' % (account, container, object)

        headers = {}

        headers['x_object_public'] = True

        params = {'update':None}

        return self.post(path, headers=headers, params=params)

    def unpublish_object(self, container, object, account=None):

        """unpublish an object"""

        account = account or self.account

        path = '/%s/%s/%s' % (account, container, object)

        headers = {}

        headers['x_object_public'] = False

        params = {'update':None}

        return self.post(path, headers=headers, params=params)

    def copy_object(self, src_container, src_object, dst_container, dst_object,

                    meta={}, public=False, version=None, account=None,

                    content_type=None):

        """copies an object"""

        account = account or self.account

        headers = {}

        headers['x_object_public'] = public

        if version:

            headers['x_source_version'] = version

        return OOS_Client.copy_object(self, src_container, src_object,

                                      dst_container, dst_object, meta=meta,

                                      account=account, content_type=content_type,

                                      **headers)

    def move_object(self, src_container, src_object, dst_container,

                             dst_object, meta={}, public=False,

                             account=None, content_type=None):

        """moves an object"""

        headers = {}

        headers['x_object_public'] = public

        return OOS_Client.move_object(self, src_container, src_object,

                                      dst_container, dst_object, meta=meta,

                                      account=account, content_type=content_type,

                                      **headers)

    def list_shared_by_others(self, limit=None, marker=None, format='text'):

        """lists other accounts that share objects to the user"""

        l = ['limit', 'marker']

        params = {}

        for elem in [elem for elem in l if eval(elem)]:

            params[elem] = eval(elem)

        return self._list('', format, params)

    def share_object(self, container, object, l, read=True):

        """gives access(read by default) to an object to a user/group list"""

        action = 'read' if read else 'write'

        sharing = '%s=%s' % (action, ','.join(l))

        self.update_object(container, object, f=None, x_object_sharing=sharing)

def _prepare_path(path, format='text', params={}):

    full_path = '%s?format=%s' % (quote(path), format)

    for k,v in params.items():

        value = quote(str(v)) if v else ''

        full_path = '%s&%s=%s' %(full_path, quote(k), value)

    return full_path

def _prepare_headers(headers):

    for k,v in headers.items():

        headers.pop(k)

        k = k.replace('_', '-')

        headers[quote(k)] = quote(v, safe='/=,:@ *"') if type(v) == types.StringType else v

    return headers

def _handle_response(response, verbose=False, debug=False):

    headers = response.getheaders()

    headers = dict((unquote(h), unquote(v)) for h,v in headers)

    if verbose:

        print '%d %s' % (response.status, response.reason)

        for key, val in headers.items():

            print '%s: %s' % (key.capitalize(), val)

        print

    length = response.getheader('content-length', None)

    data = response.read(length)

    if debug:

        print data

        print

    if int(response.status) in ERROR_CODES.keys():

        raise Fault(data, int(response.status))

    #print '**',  response.status, headers, data, '\n'

    return response.status, headers, data